A delta is a vast, fan-shaped creation of land, or low-lying plain, formed from successive layers of sediment washed from uplands to the mouth of some rivers, such as the Nile, the Mississippi and the Ganges. The nutrient-rich sediment is deposited by rivers at the point where, or before which, the river flows into the sea. Deltas are formed when rivers supply and deposit sediments more quickly that they can be removed by waves of ocean currents. The importance of deltas was first discovered by prehistoric man, who was attracted to them because of their abundant animal and plant life. Connecting waterways through the deltas later provided natural routes for navigation and trade, and opened up access to the interior. Deltas are highly fertile and often highly populated areas. They would be under serious threat of flooding from any sea-level rise. (Source: WRIGHT)



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McCarthy TS 1993. The great inland deltas of Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 17 (3) 275 - 291
Ellery WN, McCarthy TS 1994. Principles for the sustainable utilization of the Okavango Delta ecosystem, Botswana. Biological Conservation 70 159 - 168
McCarthy J, Gumbricht T, McCarthy TS 2005. Ecoregion classification in the Okavango Delta, Botswana from multitemporal remote sensing. International Journal of Remote Sensing 26 (19) 4339-4357
Ramberg L, Lindholm M, Hessen D, Murray-Hudson M, Bonyongo C, Heinl M, Masamba W, Vanderpost C, Wolski P 2010. Aquatic ecosystem responses to fire and flood size in the Okavango Delta: observations from the seasonal floodplains. Wetlands Ecology and Management 18 (5) 587-595
Bonyongo MC, Bredenkamp GJ, Veenendaal E 2000. Floodplain vegetation in the Nxaraga Lagoon area, Okavango Delta, Botswana. South African Journal of Botany 66 (1) 15-21
Mendelsohn J, el Obeid S 2004. Okavango River - The Flow of a Lifeline.
Mendelsohn J, van der Post C, Ramberg L, Murray-Hudson M, Wolski P, Mosepele K 2010. Okavango Delta - Floods of Life.
Mendelsohn J, el Obeid S 2003. Sand and Water - A profile of the Kavango Region.
Mbaiwa JE 2015. Ecotourism in Botswana: 30 years later. Journal of Ecotourism (14) 204-222
Mogobe O, Mosimanyana E, Masamba WRL, Mosepele K 2018. Monitoring water quality of the Upper Okavango Delta. Climate change and adaptive land management in southern Africa - assessments, changes, challenges, and solutions 106-111
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Monitoring water quality of the Upper Okavango Delta.pdf 1.25 MB
Grönemeyer J, Berkelmann D, Mubyana-John T, Haiyambo D, Chimwamurombe P, Kasaona B, Hurek T, Reinhold-Hurek B 2013. A survey for plant-growth-promoting rhizo-bacteria and symbionts associated with crop plants in the Okavango region of Southern Africa. Environmental Assessments in the Okavango Region 287–294
Kgathi DL, Mmopelwa G, Vanderpost C, Wolski P, Motsholapheko MR 2013. Impacts of desiccation on ecosystem services and household adaptation in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Environmental Assessments in the Okavango Region 263–277
Herold B, Große LM, Domptail S, Kgathi DL, Falk T, Azebaze N, Kowalski B 2013. Livelihood diversification in a rural community of the Okavango Delta, Botswana - Results from a Socio-Economic Baseline Survey. Environmental Assessments in the Okavango Region 363–377
Stellmes M, Frantz D, Finckh M, Revermann R 2013. Okavango Basin - Earth Observation. Environmental Assessments in the Okavango Region 23-27
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Okavango Basin_Earth Observation.pdf 2.83 MB
Marazzi L 2013. Okavango Delta - Biodiversity of Microalgae, precious invisible plants. Environmental Assessments in the Okavango Region 161-163
Gröngröft A, Luther-Mosebach J, Landschreiber L, Revermann R, Eschenbach A 2013. Seronga - Landscape. Environmental Assessments in the Okavango Region 131-132
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Seronga_Landscape.pdf 2.09 MB
Mosepele K, Kolding J 2003. Fish Stock Assessment in the Okavango delta, Botswana – preliminary results from a length based analysis. Environmental Monitoring of Tropical and Subtropical Wetlands 363–390
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Fish Stock Assessment in the Okavango delta_2003.pdf 286.64 KB
Andersson L, Wilk J, Todd MC, Hughes DA, Earle A, Kniveton D, Layberry R, Savenije HHG 2006. Impact of climate change and development scenarios on flow patterns in the Okavango River. Journal of Hydrology (331) 43-57
McCarthy TS, Ellery WN 1997. The failure of the Nqoga Channel between Hamoga and Letenetso Islands, Northeastern Okavango delta. Botswana Notes and Records 27 129 - 150
McCarthy TS, Bloem A, Larkin PA 1998. Observations on the hydrology and geohydrology of the Okavango Delta. South African Journal of Geology 101 (2) 101 - 117
Merry C, Heister H, Barry M, Ellery WN, McCarthy TS, Ruther H, Sternberg H 1988. GPS Heighting in the Okavango Delta. Journal of Surveying Engineering 145 153 - 163
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GPS Heighting in the Okavango Delta.pdf 1.86 MB
Ellery WN, McCarthy TS, Dangerfield JM 1998. Biotic Factors in Mima Mound development: Evidence from the Floodplains of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. International Journal of Ecology and Enviromental Sciences 24 293 - 313
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Biotic Factors in Mima Mound development_1988.pdf 1.2 MB
McCarthy TS, Franey NJ, Ellery WN, Ellery K 1993. The use of SPOT imaginary in the study of environmental processes of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. South African Journal of Science 89 432 - 436
McCarthy TS, Ellery W, Stanistreet IG 1993. Lakes of the north eastern region of the Okavango swamps, Botswana. Z. Geomorph. N.F. 37 (3) 273 - 294
Stanistreet IG, McCarthy TS 1993. The Okavango Fan and the classification of subaerial fan systems. Sedimentary Geology 85 115 - 133
Ellery WN, Ellery K, McCarthy TS 1993. Plant distribution in islands of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: Determinants and feedback interactions. African Journal of Ecology 31 118 - 134
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Attachment Size
Plant distribution in islands of the Okavango Delta_1993.pdf 1.03 MB