All keywords

Submicroscopic agents that infect plants, animals and bacteria, and are unable to reproduce outside the tissues of the host. A fully formed virus consists of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein and lipid (fat) coat. The nucleic acid of the virus interferes with nucleic acid-synthesizing mechanism of the host cell, organizing it to produce more viral nucleic acid. Viruses cause many diseases (e.g., mosaic diseases of many cultivated plants, myxomatosis, foot and mouth disease, the common cold, influenza, measles, poliomyelitis). Many plant viruses are transmitted by insects, some by eelworms. Animal viruses are spread by contact, droplet infection or by insect vectors and some are spread by the exchange of body fluids. (Source: ALL)

Energy dissipation and generation of stresses in a fluid by the distortion of fluid elements; quantitatively, when otherwise qualified, the absolute viscosity. Also known as flow resistance. (Source: MGH)

An organic compound present in variable, minute quantities in natural foodstuffs and essential for the normal processes of growth and maintenance of the body. (Source: MGH)

That division of horticulture concerned with grape growing, studies of grape varieties, methods of culture, and insect and disease control. (Source: MGH)

Formation of a glassy or noncrystalline material. (Source: MGH)

A list of words or phrases of a language, technical field or some specialized area, usually arranged in alphabetical order and often provided with brief definitions and with foreign translations. (Source: RHW)

A special training for a regular occupation or profession, especially, one for which one is specially suited or qualified.

Organic compound readily passing off by evaporation. (Source: MGH)

A substance capable of readily changing from a solid or liquid form to a vapour; having a high vapour pressure and a low boiling point. (Source: CED)

The property of a substance or substances to convert into vapor or gas without chemical change. (Source: LEE)

No definition needed.

The ejection of solid, liquid, or gaseous material from a volcano. (Source: ZINZAN)

The processes by which magma and its associated gases rise into the crust and are extruded onto the Earth's surface and into the atmosphere. (Source: BJGEO)

A vent in the surface of the Earth through which magma and associated gases and ash erupt; also, the form or structure, usually conical, that is produced by the ejected material. (Source: BJGEO)

The branch of geology that deals with volcanism. (Source: MGH)

Area of national interest which is protected under the responsibility of its owner in order to safeguard wildlife, archeological and geological sites. (Source: UNIONa)

Unpaid activities done by citizens often organized in associations, to provide services to others, particularly to elderly and poor people, handicapped, etc. (Source: ZINZAN)

The act of formally expressing an opinion or choice in some matter or for some candidate, usually by voice or ballot. (Source: CIV)

A chemical reaction of sulfur (or other vulcanizing agent) with rubber or plastic to cause cross-linking of the polymer chains; it increases strength and resiliency of the polymer. (Source: MGH)

Species which is likely to become endangered unless protective measures are taken. (Source: PHC)

The Wadden sea is a shallow sea extending along the North Sea coasts of The Netherlands, Germany and Denmark. It is a highly dynamic ecosystem with tidal channels, sands, mud flats, salt marshes, beaches, dunes, river mouths and a transition zone to the North Sea, the offshore zone. Most parts of the Wadden Sea, in particular in The Netherlands and Lower Saxony, are sheltered by barrier islands and contain smaller or wider areas of intertidal flats. The present form of the Wadden Sea is the result of both natural forces and action by man. Twice a day, on average, 15 km3 of sea water enter the Wadden sea. With the water from the North Sea, large amount of sand and silt are imported which settle in places with little water movement. During low tides large parts of the Wadden Sea emerge. These so-called tidal flats cover about 2/3 of the tidal area and are one of its most characteristic features. Nowhere in the world can such a large unbroken stretch of tidal flats be found. They account for 60% of all tidal areas in Europe and North Africa. (Source: CWSS)

System which compensates the employees with a fixed sum per piece, hour, day or another period of time, covering all compensations including salary.

A vertical construction made of stone, brick, wood, etc., with a length and height much greater than its thickness, used to enclose, divide or support. (Source: CED)

A conflict or a state of hostility between two or more parties, nations or states, in which armed forces or military operations are used. (Source: RHW)

A person that suffers from the destructive action undertaken as a result of an armed conflict between two or more parties, particularly death, injury, hardship, loss of property or dislocation. (Source: RHW)

Animal which has a body temperature that stays the same and does not change with the temperature of its surroundings. (Source: CAMB)

A scheme or method of acting developed in advance to notify as quickly as possible the affected population of any sudden, urgent and usually unexpected occurrence requiring immediate action. (Source: ISEP)

Any series of procedures and devices designed to detect sudden or potential threats to persons, property or the environment, often utilizing radar technology. (Source: RHW)

Extravagant or useless consumption or expenditures. (Source: RHW)

Material, often unusable, left over from any manufacturing, industrial, agricultural or other human process; Material damaged or altered during a manufacturing process and subsequently left useless. (Source: HMD / OED)

Exhaust or gaseous air given off by any industrial, manufacturing or chemical process. (Source: TOE / RHW)

An investigation carried out to decide what arrangements are appropriate for dealing with different kinds of wastes. (Source: PORTa)

All measures by which production and consumption processes are caused to generate less (or no waste), or to generate only those wastes that can be treated without causing problems.

The inventory of all waste produced or recovered during a certain time period, classified by type and quantity. (Source: DOG)

A container for litter, rubbish, etc. (Source: CED)

Imposed fee, expense, or cost for the management of refuse or unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process. (Source: TOE / RHW)

The arrangement of unwanted materials left over from manufacturing processes or refuse from places of human or animal habitation into a variety of categories based on chemical and microbiological constituents or other common characteristics. (Source: TOE)

The periodic or on-demand removal of solid waste from primary source locations using a collection vehicle and followed by the depositing of this waste at some central facility or disposal site. (Source: GSW / ISEP)

The gathering and transporting of refuse from its place of origin. (Source: RHW) system where waste is collected by the waste producer at the production place <D>

The component material types, by percentage or weight, emanating from any source. (Source: AWD)

Any specialized procedure or method used to transform refuse from one state, form or chemical composition into another. (Source: RHW / ISEP)

The removal of gaseous components form waste. (Source: RRDA)

The orderly process of discarding unwanted or useless material. (Source: GSW)

Law that settles the rules concerning the disposal, recycling and treatment of wastes. (Source: DIZAMB)

Imposed fee, expense, or cost for the action of removing or getting rid of refuse or unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process. (Source: TOE / RHW)

The amount of money incurred for the action of removing or getting rid of refuse or unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process. (Source: EFP / OED / TOE)

The planned discharge, deposit or burial of refuse or other unserviceable material into the surface of the earth, as in a landfill. (Source: OED / LIV / CTC)

Area where wastes are deposited and burned. (Source: ZINZAN)

The disposal of solid wastes without environmental controls. (Source: LANDYa)

Exchange of the recyclable part of wastes. This procedure allows to minimize waste volume and the cost relating to waste disposal. The basis of waste exchange is the concept that one company's waste is another company's raw material. (Source: ECOUK / ECHO2)

Transporting unwanted materials, including those leftover from a manufacturing processes, refuse, or trash to other countries or areas for the conduct of foreign trade. (Source: TOE / MGHME)

Any unusable aeriform fluid, or suspension of fine particles in air, given off by a manufacturing process or the burning of a substance in a enclosed area. (Source: OED / RHW)

The process of breaking up and producing a diffuse distribution of the unusable aeriform fluid or suspension of fine particles in air resulting from a manufacturing process or the burning of a substance in an enclosed area. (Source: OED / RHW)

The direct or indirect discharge of exhaust gas into the atmosphere. (Source: LEE)

Qualitative and quantitative analysis of exhaust gases emitted from vehicles, industrial plants, etc. in order to asses their composition. (Source: RRDA)

Reduction of the quantity of gaseous emissions in the atmosphere, from motorvehicles, industrial and heating plants, etc. by the adoption of clean technologies, the effectiveness of process operations, the improvement of fuel quality and the installment of chimney stacks high enough to ensure the dispersion of gases. (Source: FLGISA)

Discarded material from the glass manufacturing process or from used consumer products made of glass. (Source: GMR)

By-product of the wet limestone flue gas desulphurisation process. (Source: PORTa)

Heat derived from the cooling process of electric power generating plants and which can cause thermal pollution of water courses, promoting algal bloom. (Source: MGH)

The release of heat generated as a byproduct from industrial or power generation processes. (Source: TOE)

Waste heat applications include space heating and refrigeration in urban areas, thawing of ice-bound seaways, agricultural use to stimulate growth and to extend the growing season and in aquaculture to stimulate the growth of algae, shellfish, and other potential marine food sources. (Source: PZ)

An authorization, license or equivalent control document issued by a government agency that approves bringing in refuse or unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process from foreign countries. (Source: TOE)

Establishment where waste is burnt. (Source: PHC)

The total amount of refuse or unusable material that enters a process or system. (Source: RHW)

A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate the disposal of unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process or the refuse from places of human or animal habitation. (Source: TOE)

The total supervision of waste production, handling, processing, storage, and transport from its point of generation to its final acceptable disposal. (Source: HMD / ISEP)

Measures or techniques, including plans and directives, that reduce the amount of wastes generated. Examples of waste minimisation are environmentally-sound recycling and source reduction practices. (Source: TOE / DEE)

The capability of measures or techniques that reduce the amount of refuse or unwanted materials that is generated, particularly during industrial production processes. (Source: TOE)

Oil arising as a waste product of the use of oils in a wide range of industrial and commercial activities, such as engineering, power generation and vehicle maintenance and should be properly disposed of, or treated in order to be reused. (Source: GRAHAW / DEE)

Newspapers, magazines, cartons and other paper separated from solid waste for the purpose of recycling.

The process of collecting and separating wastes in preparation for reuse. (Source: GSW)

The process of obtaining materials or energy resources from waste. (Source: EED)

A method of recovering wastes as resources which includes the collection, and often involving the treatment, of waste products for use as a replacement of all or part of the raw material in a manufacturing process. (Source: GRT)

Practices that reduce the amount of waste generated by a specific source through the redesigning of products or patterns of production or consumption. (Source: TOE)

The aggregate of commercial enterprises primarily concerned with eliminating or getting rid of refuse from places of human or animal habitation or of unwanted materials left over from a manufacturing process. (Source: TOE)

Separating waste into different materials, such as glass, metal, paper, plastic, etc. (Source: PHC)

Centralized recycling centres to which waste materials are brought and where they are separated. (Source: CORBIT)

Determination of the quantity and character of the wastes discarded by a community, by spot sampling procedure. (Source: CORBIT)

Temporary holding of waste pending treatment or disposal. Storage methods include containers, tanks, waste piles, and surface impoundments. (Source: RRDA)

Transportation of wastes by means of special vehicles. (Source: RRDA)

Any process or combination of processes that changes the chemical, physical or biological composition or character of any waste or reduces or removes its harmful properties or characteristics for any purpose. (Source: HMD)

Partially or completely treated water or waste water flowing out of a waste treatment plant. (Source: DEE)

Place where waste material is treated to make it reusable or so it may be disposed of safely. (Source: PHC)

The incorporation of wastes into natural or artificial cycles, mainly in order to recover secondary raw materials or energy.

The total amount of refuse or unusable material produced at any source. (Source: RHW)

Used water, or water that is not needed, which is permitted to escape, or unavoidably escapes from canals, ditches, reservoirs or other bodies of water, for which the owners of these structures are legally responsible. (Source: WWC)

Imposed fee, expense, or cost for the management of spent or used water that contains dissolved or suspended matter from a home, community farm, or industry. (Source: TOE / RHW)

The flow of treated effluent from any wastewater treatment process. (Source: WWC)

Collection and removal of wastewater deriving from industrial and urban settlements by means of a system of pipes and treatment plants. (Source: MANCOS)

A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to regulate the outflow and disposal of spent or used water from a home, community, farm or industry that contains dissolved or suspended matter. (Source: TOE)

The amount of spent or used water, often containing dissolved and suspended matter, that is found in a stream or some other body of water. (Source: WWC)

The impairment of the quality of some medium due to the introduction of spent or used water from a community or industry. (Source: WWC)

Processing of waste water for reuse. (Source: LANDY)

The state or condition of spent or used water that contains dissolved or suspended matter from a home, community farm or industry. (Source: TOE / RHW)

The act or process of lessening the volume of used or spent water that is discharged from homes, businesses or industries. (Source: RHW / FFD / TOE)

The removed materials resulting from physical, biological and chemical treatment of waste water. (Source: WWC)

No definition needed.

Any process to which wastewater is subjected which would remove, or otherwise render harmless to human health and the environment, its constituent wastes. (Source: WWC / WQA)

Plant where, through physical-chemical and biological processes, organic matter, bacteria, viruses and solids are removed from residential, commercial and industrial wastewaters before they are discharged in rivers, lakes and seas. (Source: PARCOR)

Heating and power production plant where fuel is provided from refuse. (Source: PHCa)

Heating plant where fuel is provided from refuse. (Source: PHC)

Power station that functions with refuse-derived fuel. (Source: PARCORa)

Liquid or waterborne wastes polluted or fouled by commercial operations. (Source: ISEP / DEE)

The liquid that forms streams, lakes, and seas, and issues from the ground in springs. (Source: WEBSTE)

Common liquid (H2O) which forms rain, rivers, the sea, etc., and which makes up a large part of the bodies of organisms. (Source: PHC)

Addition of air to sewage or water so as to raise its dissolved oxygen level. (Source: RRDA)

Study of the chemical, physical and biological properties of water. (Source: PORT)

Any mass of water having definite hydrological, physical, chemical and biological characteristics and which can be employed for one or several purposes. (Source: FLGISA)

The floor upon which any body of water rests. (Source: BJGEO)

Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm to the environmental integrity of drainage areas used to catch water, such as reservoirs or basins. (Source: RHW)

The catching of water, especially rain water, in a structure such as a basin or reservoir. (Source: RRDA)

The protection, development and efficient management of water resources for beneficial purposes. (Source: PARCOR)

The utilization patterns and quantities entailed in a community or human group's use of water for survival, comfort and enjoyment. (Source: ODE / RHW)

Complex series of reactions between the water and metal surfaces and materials in which the water is stored or transported. The corrosion process is an oxidation/reduction reaction that returns refined or processed metal to their more stable ore state. With respect to the corrosion potential of drinking water, the primary concerns include the potential presence of toxic metals , such as lead and copper. (Source: WILKES)

The value or the amount of money exchanged for the production and sustained supply of water. (Source: EFP / RHW)

Water damage can be caused by flooding, severe storms, tidal waves, seismic seawaves, storm surges, etc. (Source: WPR)

The removal of minerals from water by chemical, ion-exchange, or distillation procedures. (Source: MGH)

Any mechanical procedure or process where some or all of the salt is removed from water. (Source: LEE)

The system of pipes supplying water to communities and industries. (Source: PARCOR)

Can be caused by a variety of means, e.g. farm pollution from animal wastes and silage liquor (liquors from green leaf cattle food which has had molasses added to promote fermentation and preservation; they are highly polluting and can be a seasonal cause of fish deaths in small streams), leachate from landfill sites, and spoil heaps, solvent discharge to sewers or to land and inadequate sewage treatment works. (Source: PORT)

The breakdown of solid rock into smaller particles and its removal by water. As weathering, erosion is a natural geological process, but more rapid soil erosion results from poor land-use practices, leading to the loss of fertile topsoil and to the silting of dams, lakes, rivers and harbours. There are three classes of erosion by water. a) Splash erosion occurs when raindrops strike bare soil, causing it to splash, as mud, to flow into spaces in the soil and to turn the upper layer of soil into a structureless, compacted mass that dries with a hard, largely impermeable crust. b) Surface flow occurs when soil is removed with surface run-off during heavy rain. c) Channelized flow occurs when a flowing mixture of water and soil cuts a channel, which is then deepened by further scouring. A minor erosion channel is called a rill, a larger channel a gully. (Source: ALL)

Pumping of water for different purposes (i.e. agriculture, land reclamation, domestic and industrial use, etc.). (Source: RRDA)

Fresh-water branchiopod crustaceans characterized by a transparent bivalve shell. (Source: MGH)

Water used in agriculture for irrigation and livestock. Livestock watering is only 1 percent of the total water withdrawal for agricultural use. Of all functional water uses, irrigation is the largest agricultural use of water. (Source: CORBIT)

Consumptive water use starts with withdrawal, but in this case without any return, e.g. irrigation, steam escaping into the atmosphere, water contained in final products, i.e. it is no longer available directly for subsequent use. (Source: GOOD)

Water used by industries for purposes such as fabrication, processing, washing and cooling, which is obtained from a public supply or through self-supplied sources. (Source: WWC)

The amount of calcium and magnesium salts dissolved in water. (Source: MGHa)

Floating aquatic plant, Eichornia crassipes of tropical America, having showy bluish-purple flowers and swollen leafstalks: family Pontederiaceae. It forms dense masses in rivers, ponds, etc., and is a serious pest in the southern U.S., Java, Australia, New Zealand, and parts of Africa. (Source: CED)

The movement of surface water into soil or rock through cracks and pores. (Source: DUNSTE)

The level reached by the surface of a body of water. (Source: CED)

Measures taken to ensure an adequate supply of water and a responsible utilization of water resources. (Source: KORENa / PARCOR)

A mill whose power is provided by a large wheel which is turned by moving water, especially a river. (Source: CAMB)

Studies conducted to estimate the quantity and the quality of pollutants, nutrients and suspended solids contained in water bodies and to assess sources and factors associated with agricultural practices, industrial activities or other human activities. (Source: DNRa)

A chemical or physical agent introduced to any body of water that may detrimentally alter the natural condition of that body of water and other associated bodies of water. (Source: FFD / ISEP)

The manmade or man-induced alteration of the chemical, physical, biological and radiological integrity of water. (Source: LANDY)

Precautionary measures, actions or installations implemented to avert or hinder human-made or human-induced alteration of the physical, biological, chemical and radiological integrity of water. (Source: TOE)

Energy obtained from natural or artificial waterfalls, either directly by turning a water wheel or turbine, or indirectly by generating electricity in a dynamo driven by a turbine. (Source: MGH)

Applying a monetary rate or value at which water can be bought or sold. (Source: RHW)

Measures to conserve surface and groundwater; to ensure the continued availability of water for growing domestic, commercial and industrial uses and to ensure sufficient water for natural ecosystems. (Source: GILP96a)

Area surrounding a water recovery plant in which certain forms of soil utilization are restricted or prohibited in order to protect the groundwater. (Source: AZENP)

A machine or apparatus used to lift water, usually from a well or borehole, which is powered manually or by engine, wind or some other source. (Source: RHW / GLG)

Any of several processes in which undesirable impurities in water are removed or neutralized. (Source: MGH)

Plant where water, through physical and chemical processes, is made suitable for human consumption and other purposes. (Source: PARCOR)

A graded value of the components (organic and inorganic, chemical or physical) which comprise the nature of water. (Source: LANDY)

EC Directive establishing the rules relating to water for human consumption. (Source: DIRAMB)

Progress in, or betterment of, the environmental condition and integrity of water. (Source: RHW / TOE)

Water quality management concerns four major elements: the use (recreation, drinking water, fish and wildlife propagation, industrial or agricultural) to be made of the water; criteria to protect those uses; implementation plans (for needed industrial-municipal waste treatment improvements) and enforcement plans, and an anti-degradation statement to protect existing high quality waters. (Source: USC)

The administration or handling of the amount of available potable water. (Source: RHW)

A process in which naturally occurring microorganisms, plants, trees or geophysical processes break down, degrade or filter out hazardous substances or pollutants from a body of water, cleansing and treating contaminated water without human intervention. (Source: OSW)

The power of a government agency or its administrators to administer and implement regulations, laws and government policies relating to the preservation and protection of water resources. (Source: BLD)

Artificial or natural area of water, used for storing water for domestic or industrial use. (Source: PHC)

Water in any of its forms, wherever located - atmosphere, surface or ground - which is or can be of value to man. (Source: LANDY)

Controlled utilization or protection of any supply of water so that it is potentially useful for some purpose, such as for an economic, recreational or life-sustaining purpose. (Source: MHE / EEN / WWC)

A binding rule or body of rules prescribed by a government to manage and protect an area's natural water supply and waterways. (Source: DES / BLD)

Measures and activities concerning the supply of water, the improvement of efficiency in its use, the reduction of losses and waste, water-saving practices to reduce costs and to slow the depletion of the water supply to ensure future water availability. (Source: EARTH1a)

Use of process wastewater or treatment facility effluent in a different manufacturing process. (Source: LEE)

Process by which water becomes more salty, found especially in hot countries where irrigation is practised. (Source: PHC)

The degree of dissolved salts in water measured by weight in parts per thousand. (Source: KOREN)

Management of water resources aiming at ensuring the continued availability of water for human uses and natural ecosystems. (Source: GILP96)

The science that treats the occurrence, circulation, distribution, and properties of the waters of the earth, and their reaction with the environment. (Source: MGH)

The slow movement of water through small openings and spaces in the surface of unsaturated soil into or out of a body of surface or subsurface water. (Source: MGH)

No definition needed.

A source or volume of water available for use; also, the system of reservoirs, wells, conduits, and treatment facilities required to make the water available and usable. (Source: BJGEO)

Water that occupies pores, cavities, cracks and other spaces in the crustal rocks. It includes water precipitated from the atmosphere which has percolated through the soil, water that has risen from deep magmatic sources liberated during igneous activity and fossil water retained in sedimentary rocks since their formation. The presence of groundwater is necessary for virtually all weathering processes to operate. Phreatic water is synonymous with groundwater and is the most important source of any water supply. (Source: WHIT)

Water table is inherently susceptible to contamination from landuse activities. Remediation is very expensive and often impractical. Prevention of contamination is therefore critical in effective groundwater management. (Source: TECHBA)

Taste in water can be caused by foreign matter, such as organic compounds, inorganic salts or dissolved gases. These materials may come from domestic, agricultural or natural sources. Some substances found naturally in groundwater, while not necessarily harmful, may impart a disagreeable taste or undesirable property to the water. Magnesium sulphate, sodium sulphate, and sodium chloride are but a few of these. Acceptable waters should be free from any objectionable taste at point of use. (Source: CORBIT)

Transportation of goods or persons by means of ships travelling on the sea or on inland waterways. (Source: CEDa)

Purification of water to make it suitable for drinking or for any other use. (Source: MGH)

Three types of water use are distinguished: a) withdrawal, where water is taken from a river, or surface or underground reservoir, and after use returned to a natural water body, e.g. water used for cooling in industrial processes. Such return flows are particularly important for downstream users in the case of water taken from rivers; b) consumptive, which starts with withdrawal but in this case without any return, e.g. irrigation, steam escaping into the atmosphere, water contained in final products, i.e. it is no longer available directly for subsequent uses; c) non-withdrawal, i.e. the in situ use of a water body for navigation (including the floating of logs by the lumber industry), fishing, recreation, effluent disposal and hydroelectric power generation. (Source: LEE)

Cutting down by scythe or machine at intervals the vegetation growth and grasses on banks and berms of irrigation and drainage channels or cropped areas. (Source: ECHO1)

A well sunk to extract water from a zone of saturation. (Source: MGH)

A natural stream arising in a given drainage basin but not wholly dependent for its flow on surface drainage in its immediate area, flowing in a channel with a well-defined bed between visible banks or through a definite depression in the land, having a definite and permanent or periodic supply of water, and usually, but not necessarily, having a perceptible current in a particular direction and discharging at a fixed point into another body of water. (Source: BJGEO)

A perpendicular or steep descent of the water of a stream, as where it crosses an outcrop of resistant rock overhanging softer rock that has been eroded or flows over the edge of a plateau of cliffed coast. (Source: BJGEO)

Aquatic birds which constitute the order Anseriformes, including the swans, ducks, geese, and screamers. (Source: MGH)

Waterlogging is an effect of canal irrigation; it occurs when the water table rises to within 3 meters of a crop's roots, impeding their ability to absorb oxygen and ultimately compromising crop yields. Many factors contribute to waterlogging. These include inadequate drainage, improper balance in the use of groundwater and surface water, seepage and percolation from unlined channels, overwatering, planting crops not suited to specific soils, and inadequate preparation of land before irrigation. (Source: WRES)

The dividing line between two adjacent river systems, such as a ridge. (Source: CED)

Use, regulation and treatment of water and land resources of a watershed to accomplish stated objectives. (Source: LANDY)

Any physical extension of, or changes to, the uses of land in waterfront areas. (Source: RHW)

A river, canal, or other navigable channel used as a means of travel or transport. (Source: CED)

Plant for treating and purifying water before it is pumped into pipes for distribution to houses, factories, schools, etc. (Source: PHC)

Power extracted from the motion of sea waves at the coast. (Source: CED)

A substance that is not easily converted to another, usually less complex compound. (Source: GILP96a)

An instrument of attack or defense in combat, as a gun, missile, or sword. (Source: AMHER)

The day-to-day meteorological conditions, especially temperature, cloudiness, and rainfall, affecting a specific place. (Source: CED)

The complex of meteorological characteristics in a given region. (Source: RRDA)

The act or process of predicting and highlighting meteorological conditions that are expected for a specific time period and for a specific area or portion of air space, by using objective models based on certain atmospheric parameters, along with the skill and experience of a meteorologist. (Source: FEM / AUS)

The changing of natural weather phenomena by technical means. (Source: MGH)

The periodic or continuous surveillance or analysis of the state of the atmosphere and climate, including variables such as temperature, moisture, wind velocity and barometric pressure. (Source: TOE / RHW)

Any plant that grows wild and profusely, especially one that grows among cultivated plants, depriving them of space, food, etc. (Source: CED)

Freeing an area of land from weeds by several means, such as herbicides, tillage, burning, mowing, and crop competition. (Source: RRDA)

The gravitational force with which the earth attracts a body. By extension, the gravitational force with which a star, planet, or satellite attracts a nearby body. (Source: MGH)

Joining two metals by applying heat to melt and fuse them, with or without filler metal. (Source: MGH)

A hole dug into the earth to reach a supply of water, oil, brine or gas. (Source: MGH)

A geographic region of the African continent bordered in the west and south by the Atlantic Ocean, including the republics of Benin, Burkina Faso, Cabo Verde, Cote D'ivoire, Gambie, Ghana, Guinee Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritanie, Niger, Nigeria, Sengegal, Sierra Leone and Togo. (Source: ECW)

A geographic region of Asia that includes Turkey, Iran and other countries of the Middle East and the Arabian peninsula. (Source: INP)

A geographic region of the European continent surrounded by the North Sea, Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, including Belgium, France, Germany, Great Britain, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain and other member countries of the Western European Union. (Source: CIA)

Process used to remove particulate matter and/or gaseous pollutants by means of an aqueous stream or slurry. (Source: KORENa)

1) An air cleaning device that literally washes out the dust. Exhaust air is forced into a spray chamber, where fine water particles cause the dust to drop from the air stream. The dust-ladden water is then treated to remove the solid material and is often recirculated. 2) Equipment through which a gas is passed to remove impurities (solid, liquid, or gaseous particles) by intimate contact with a suitable liquid, usually an aqueous medium. (Source: LANDY / BRACK / ALL)

Organic refuse or material left over from a manufacturing process, which is characterized by the presence of moisture. (Source: RHW / GRP)

Areas that are inundated by surface or ground water with frequency sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetative or aquatic life that requires saturated or seasonally saturated soil conditions for growth or reproduction. (Source: LANDY)

Ecosystems of areas largely inundated with water but offering elevated lands as a habitat for wildlife. This areas include swamps, both seasonal and permanent, marsh, open fresh water, shallow saline lagoons, the estuaries of rivers, floodplains and coastal sand dunes. They provide food, breeding grounds, water and sanctuary for many forms of fish, birds and other animal and plant life. They are among the most productive ecosystems producing timber, peat moss and crops such as rice and a variety of berries. (Source: GILP96 / WRIGHT)

Large marine mammals of the order Cetacea; the body is streamlined, the broad flat tail is used for propulsion, and the limbs are balancing structures. (Source: MGH)

Catching whales to use as food or for their oil, etc. Whales are the largest mammals still in existence. They are caught mainly for their oils, though in some case for food. Some species of whale have become extinct because of overexploitation and the population of many of the existing species is dangerously low. Commercial whaling is severely restricted. (Source: PHC)

The watery liquid that separates from the curd when the milk is clotted, as in making cheese. (Source: CED)

The business of selling goods to retailers in larger quantities than they are sold to final consumers but in smaller quantities than they are purchased from manufacturers. (Source: CED)

A system of interrelated computer and telecommunications devices linking two or more computers separated by a great distance for the exchange of electronic data. (Source: WIC)

Not domesticated animals living independently of man. (Source: CED)

Not domesticated animals living independently of man. (Source: CED)

Plants growing in a natural state (not cultivated). (Source: CED)

Animals and plants that grow independently of people, usually in natural conditions. (Source: CAMB)

A series of measures required to maintain or restore the natural habitats and the populations of species of wild fauna and flora at a favourable status. (Source: ECHO1)

Suitable upland or wetland areas promoting survival of wildlife. (Source: LANDY)

The numerical facts or data collected through various methodologies, such as sighting surveys, which represent or estimate the size of any wildlife species for purposes such as analyzing population trends. (Source: RHW / EEN)

Precautionary actions, procedures or installations undertaken to prevent or reduce harm to animals, plants and other organisms living in their natural state. (Source: RHW)

1) An area, usually in natural condition, which is reserved (set aside) by a governmental or private agency for the protection of particular species of animals during part or all of the year. 2) An area designated for the protection of wild animals, within which hunting and fishing is either prohibited or strictly controlled. (Source: UNUN / LANDY)

The motion of air relative to the earth's surface; usually means horizontal air motion, as distinguished from vertical motion. (Source: MGH)

The breakdown of solid rock into smaller particles and its removal by wind. It may occur on any soil whose surface is dry, unprotected by vegetation (to bind it at root level and shelter the surface) and consists of light particles. The mechanisms include straightforward picking up of dust and soil particles by the airflow and the dislodging or abrasion of surface material by the impact of particles already airborne. (Source: ALL)

Energy extracted from wind, traditionally in a windmill, but increasingly by more complicated designes including turbines, usually to produce electricity but also for water pumping. The power available from wind is proportional to the area swept by the rotating place and the cube of the wind velocity, but less than half the available power can be recovered. (Source: BRACK)

Power station which uses wind to drive a turbine which creates electricity. (Source: PHC)

1) Falling of old trees in a forest caused by a storm or strong wind. It plays an important role in the spontaneous regeneration of forest ecosystems. 2) A plot of land covered with trees blown down by the wind. (Source: RAMADE / CED)

A machine for grinding or pumping driven by a set of adjustable vanes or sails that are caused to turn by the force of the wind. (Source: CED)

Resort where sports held in the open air on snow or ice, especially skiing are practiced. (Source: CEDa)

An adult human female.

The social position, rank or relative importance of women in society.

A dense growth of trees more extensive than a grove and smaller than a forest. (Source: MGH)

The process of removing forest produce, particularly timber, fuelwood and bamboos, from its place of growth to some permanent or major delivery point, either for further transport or further manufacture, i.e. secondary conversion, or both. (Source: ECHO2)

The use of chemicals to prevent or retard the decay of wood, especially by fungi or insects; widely used preservatives include creosote, pitch, sodium fluoride and tar; especially used on wood having contact with the ground. (Source: HARRIS)

No definition needed.

Waste which is left over after the processing of raw timber. (Source: ISEP)

The permanent clear-felling of an area of forest or woodland. On steep slopes this can lead to severe soil erosion, especially where heavy seasonal rains or the melting of snow at higher levels cause sudden heavy flows of water. In the humid tropics it may also lead to a release of carbon dioxide from the soil. (Source: ALL2)

The interacting system of a biological community and its non-living environmental surroundings in wooded areas or land areas covered with trees and shrubs. (Source: TOE / WOR)

A textile fiber made from raw wool characterized by absorbency, resiliency and insulation. (Source: MGH)

Accident occurring in the course of the employment and caused by inherent or related factors arising from the operation of materials of one's occupation. (Source: KOREN)

A mine where all the mineral that could be profitably exploited has been removed. (Source: CEDa)

All existing circumstances affecting labor in the workplace, including job hours, physical aspects, legal rights and responsibilities. (Source: CIV)

The time devoted to gainful employment or job-related activities, usually calculated as hours per day or per week. (Source: RHW)

The number of a particular region or nation's working population gainfully employed or otherwise occupied with the production of crops, livestock or poultry. (Source: RHW)

Ploughing the soil for agricultural purposes. (Source: PHCa)

Any or all locations or environments where people are employed. (Source: RHW)

The Earth with all its inhabitants and all things upon it. (Source: WEBSTE)

Sites of great cultural significance and geographic areas of outstanding universal value. They include the Pyramids of Egypt, the Grand Canyon of United States, the Taj Mahal of India, the Great Wall of China, etc. (Source: GILP96)

A graphical, interactive, hypertext information system that is cross-platform and can be run locally or over the global Internet. The Web consists of Web servers offering pages of information to Web browsers who view and interact with the pages. Pages can contain formatted text, background colors, graphics, as well as audio and video clips. Simple links in a Web page can cause the browser to jump to a different part of the same page or to a page on a Web server halfway around the world. Web pages can be used to send mail, read news, and download files. A Web address is called a URL. (Source: CAMER)

The hulk of a wrecked or stranded ship; a ship dashed against rocks or land and broken or otherwise rendered useless. (Source: ISEP)

Accounting procedure that is used when an asset is uncollectible and is therefore charged-off as a loss. (Source: ISEP / RHW)

An act contrary to the rules of natural or legal justice. (Source: CURZON)

A deed performed by a government official or agent in exercise of police, constitutional, legislative, administrative or judicial powers that infringes upon the rights of another and causes damage, without protecting an equal or superior right. (Source: BLD)

A penetrating electromagnetic radiation, usually generated by accelerating electrons to high velocity and suddenly stopping them by collision with a solid body, or by inner-shell transitions of atoms with atomic number greater than 10; their wavelength ranges from about 10(-5) angstrom to 10(3) angstroms, the average wavelength used in research being 1 angstrom. (Source: MGH)

A substance which would not normally be found in a given environment, and usually means a toxic chemical which is entirely artificial, such as a chlorinated aromatic compound or an organomercury compound. (Source: BIOTAZ)

Many species of unicellular fungi, most of which belong to the Ascomycetes and reproduce by budding. The genus Saccharomyces is used in brewing and winemaking because in low oxygen concentration it produces zymase, an enzyme system that breaks down sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide. Saccharomyces is also used in bread-making. Some yeasts are used as a source of protein and of vitamins of the B group. (Source: ALL)

The accumulated volume or biomass remaining from gross production after accounting for losses due to respiration during production, herbivory, litterfall, and other factors that decrease the remaining available biomass. (Source: DUNSTE)

Profit or income created through an investment or a business transaction.

The state of being young; the period between childhood and adult age. (Source: ZINZAN)

Job opportunities and employment for adolescents, either for financial reward or educational enrichment. (Source: RHW)

A brittle bluish-white metallic element that becomes coated with a corrosion-resistant layer in moist air and occurs chiefly in sphalerite and smithsonite. It is a constituent of several alloys, especially brass and nickel-silver, and is used in die-casting, galvanizing metals, and in battery electrodes. (Source: CED)

Designation and reservation under a master plan of land use for light and heavy industry, dwellings, offices, and other buildings; use is enforced by restrictions on types of buildings in each zone. (Source: MGH)

Area in which animals, especially wild animals, are kept so that people can go and look at them, or study them. (Source: CAMB)

The study of animals, including their classification, structure, physiology, and history. (Source: CED)

Diseases which are biologically adapted to and normally found in animals but which under some conditions also infect man. (Source: MGH)