The landscape of the Cuvelai-Etosha region although changed dramatically with climate changes over the past 100 000 years, was only subtly changed by people over most of this perid. About 2000 years ago pastoralists migrated into southern Angola, possibly extending into the ancestral lands of the Hei//om and !Kung peoples who ranged over Ovamboland region for a possible 100 000 years BP. Rapid changes to the landscape started in the 17th century when Ovambo pastoralists and farmers moved soulhwards into this region, with livestock and agriculture aided by iron-smelting technology. Keywords: Archaeological evidence, Biological changes, Cultural units, Deflation processe, dioecious trees, drainage lines, ecology, economic power, erosion, food production, labour migrancy, mass-fruiting, paleoclimatic, pleistocene period, political boundaries, vegetable ivory palm, warfare, wild fruit bearing trees.