A community of organisms and their physical environment interacting as an ecological unit. (Source: LBC)



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Nangula S, Oba G 2004. Effects of artificial water points on the Oshana ecosystem in Namibia. Environmental Conservation 31 (01) 47 - 54
Bond W, Midgley GF, Woodward F 2003. What controls South African vegetation-climate or fire?. South African Journal of Botany 69 (1) 79 - 91
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What controls South African vegetation_climate or fire.pdf 285.27 KB
O'Farrell PJ, de Lange WJ, le Maitre D, Reyers B, Blignaut JN, Milton SJ, Atkinson D, Egoh B, Maherry A, Colvin C, Cowling RM 2011. Possibilities and pitfalls presented by a pragmatic approach to ecosystem service valuation in an arid biodiversity hotspot. Journal of Arid Environments 75 (6) 612 - 623
Taljaard S, Monteiro PS, Botes WAM 2006. Structured ecosystem-scale approach to marine water quality management. Water SA 32 (4) 535 - 542
Reyers B, van Wilgen BW, Nel JL 2008. Making the most of South Africa's natural capital. Science 2008 12
O'Farrell PJ, Reyers B, le Maitre DC, Milton SJ, Egoh B, Maherry A, Colvin C, Atkinson D, de Lange W, Blignaut JN 2010. Multi-functional landscapes in semi arid environments: Implications for biodiversity and ecosystem services. Landscape Ecology 25 1231 - 1246
Zhang J, Gilbert D, Gooday AJ, Levin L, Naqvi SWA, Middelburg JJ, Scranton M, Ekau W, Peña A, Dewitte B, Oguz T, Monteiro PMS, Urban E, Rabalais NN, Ittekkot V, Kemp WM, Ulloa O, Elmgren R, Escobar-Briones E, van der Plas AK 2010. Natural and human-induced hypoxia and consequences for coastal areas: Synthesis and future development. Biogeosciences 7 1443 - 1467
van Jaarsveld AS, Biggs R, Scholes RJ, Bohensky E, Reyers B, Lynam T, Musvoto C, Fabricius C 2005. Measuring conditions and trends in ecosystem services at multiple scales: The Southern African millennium ecosystem assessment (SAFMA) experience. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences 360 (1454) 425 - 441
Scholes RJ, Biggs R 2005. Biodiversity intactness index. Nature 434 (7029) 45 - 49
Crawford RJM, Shannon LV, Pollock DE 1987. The Benguela ecosystem. Part IV. The major fish and invertebrate resources. Oceanography and Marine Biology Annual Review 25 353-505
Shannon LV, Crawford RJM, Brundrit GB, Underhill LG 1988. Responses of fish populations in the Benguela ecosystem to environmental change. Journal Du Conseil 45 5 – 12
Thuiller W, Midgley GF, Hughes GO, Bomharb B, Drew G, Rutherford MC, Woodward FI 2006. Endemic species and ecosystem sensitivity to climate change in Namibia. Global Change Biology 12 (5) 759 - 776
Werger MJA 1986. The Karoo and southern Kalahari. Ecosystems of the world. Hot deserts and arid shrublands 283 - 359
Walter H 1986. The Namib Desert. Ecosystems of the world: Hot deserts and arid shrublands 245-282
2002. 4.01 Biomes in Africa.
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Fig 4.01 Biomes in Africa.zip 143.89 KB
Greve M, Lykke AM, Fagg CW, Gereau RE, Lewis GP, Marchant R, Marshall AR, Ndayishimiye J, Bogaert J, Svenning J-C 2016. Realising the potential of herbarium records for conservation biology. South African Journal of Botany 105 317-323
Sonderberg K, Henschel J, Swap RJ, Macko SA 2014. Sulphur isotopes in the central Namib Desert ecosystem. Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa (Special Issue: A festschrift for Professor Mary Seely) 69 (3) 217-233
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Sulphur isotopes in the central Namib Desert ecosystem.pdf 322.78 KB
Aranibar JN, Macko SA, Anderson IC, Epstein HE, Feral CJ, Hipondoka M, Potgieter A, Shugart HH 2001. Does Nutrient Dynamics Determine C3-C4 Plant Abundance in Southern African Ecosystems?. American Geophysical Union, Fall Meeting 2001 Abstrackt (A51A-0023)
Andersson L, Gumbricht T, Hughes D, Kniveton D, Ringrose S, Savenije H, Todd M, Wilk J, Wolski P 2003. Water Flow Dynamics in the Okavango River Basin and Delta - A prerequisite for the Ecosystems of the Delta. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 28 (20-27) 1165-1172
Lombard AT 1996. Global change, biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. South African Journal of Science (92) 115-116
Ellery WN, McCarthy TS 1994. Principles for the sustainable utilization of the Okavango Delta ecosystem, Botswana. Biological Conservation 70 159 - 168
Sandström C, Wennberg DiGasper S, Öhman K 2013. Conflict resolution through ecosystem-based management: the case of Swedish moose management. International Journal of the Commons (7) 549–570
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Conflict resolution through ecosystem_based management.pdf 524.74 KB
Combes C 1996. Parasites, biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Biodiversity and Conservation (5) 953–962
Zigelski P, Gomes A, Finckh M 2019. Chapter 7: Suffrutex Dominated Ecosystems in Angola. Biodiversity of Angola - Science and Conservation: A Modern Synthesis 109-121
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Suffrutex Dominated Ecosystems in Angola.pdf 1.01 MB
Harper-Simmonds L, Mendelsohn J, Roux J-P, Pallett J, Brown C, Middleton A, Kruse J Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia.
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Development of an Inventory of Ecosystem Services in Namibia.pdf 6.98 MB
Dangerfield JM, McCarthy TS, Ellery WN 1998. The mound-building termite Macrotermes michaelseni as an ecosystem engineer. Journal of Tropical Ecology 14 507 - 520
Ellery K, Ellery WN, McCarthy TS, Cairncross B, Oelofse R 1989. A peat fire in the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and its importance as an ecosystem process. African Journal of Ecology 27 7 - 21
Hanke W, Böhner J, Dreber N, Jürgens N, Schmiedel U, Wesuls D, Dengler J 2014. The impact of livestock grazing on plant diversity: an analysis across dryland ecosystems and scales in southern Africa. Ecological Applications 24 (5) 1188–1203
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The impact of livestock grazing on plant diversity.pdf 1.28 MB