delta | Environmental Information Service Namibia: eLibrary

A delta is a vast, fan-shaped creation of land, or low-lying plain, formed from successive layers of sediment washed from uplands to the mouth of some rivers, such as the Nile, the Mississippi and the Ganges. The nutrient-rich sediment is deposited by rivers at the point where, or before which, the river flows into the sea. Deltas are formed when rivers supply and deposit sediments more quickly that they can be removed by waves of ocean currents. The importance of deltas was first discovered by prehistoric man, who was attracted to them because of their abundant animal and plant life. Connecting waterways through the deltas later provided natural routes for navigation and trade, and opened up access to the interior. Deltas are highly fertile and often highly populated areas. They would be under serious threat of flooding from any sea-level rise. (Source: WRIGHT)

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Masamba WRL, Mapila H, Ringrose S, Wolski P 2008. Hydrological, geomorphological and geochemical processes in the Okavango Delta : water resource management implications. Proceedings of the second IASTED Africa Conference on Water Resource Management (Africa WRM 2008), September 8-10, 2008 240-245

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Hydrological_geomorphological_and_geochemical_processes_in_the_Okavango_Delta.pdf	435.43 KB

Bendsen H 2004. Hot spots identified by the traditional land users to be addressed by the ODMP.

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Hot_Spots_Identified_by_the_Traditional_Land_Users_to_be_Addressed_by_the_ODMP_by_Hannelore_Bendsen_April_2004.pdf	1.58 MB

Gumbricht T, McCarthy TS 2003. Hierarchical processes and patterns sustaining the Okavango: An integrated perspective for policy and management. Environmental Monitoring of Tropical and Subtropical Wetlands 181-196

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Hierarchical_processes_and_patterns_sustaining_the_Okavango.pdf	741.74 KB

Engstrand-Neacsu V 2014. Mission - Saving the Okavango Delta. Waterfront 02-Jul

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Kavango delta story in Stockholm international newsletter.pdf	1.24 MB

van Wilgen BW, de Klerk HM, Stellmes M, Archibald S 2022. An analysis of the recent fire regimes in the Angolan catchment of the Okavango Delta, Central Africa. Fire Ecology 18 (13)

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An analysis of the recent fire regimes in the Angolan catchment of the Okavango Delta_Central Africa.pdf	3.31 MB

2003. A rapid biological assessment of the aquatic ecosystems of the Okavango Delta, Botswana: High Water Survey.

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RAP-Botswana.pdf	4.85 MB

2005. Building Local Capacity for Conservation and Sustainable Use of Biodiversity in the Okavango Delta.

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12-13-05 2028 BOT Wetlands newest prodoc 2Dec05.doc	1.84 MB

van der Post C 2005. Early maps of Ngamiland and the Okavango Delta. Botswana Notes and Records 37 196-207

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Early_Maps_of_Ngamiland_and_the_Okavango_Delta_by_Cornelis_VanderPost.pdf	708.93 KB

Website link:http://www.jstor.org/stable/40980413

Hasler R 2000. The Okavango Delta and the 'end of progress': global transformation and community-based wildlife management. Botswana Notes and Records 31

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The Okavango Delta and the end of progress.pdf	604.96 KB

Hasler R 2001. The hydro-politics of the Okavango Delta: property rights and the management implications of competing land and water use strategies. Botswana Notes and Records 32

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The hydro_politics of the Okavango Delta.pdf	745.58 KB

Mosepele K, Mosepele B 2005. An Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Okavango Delta Fishery: Towards the Development of a Fisheries Management Plan. Botswana Notes and Records 37

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An Analysis of Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Okavango Delta Fishery.pdf	760.9 KB

Hay CJ, van Zyl BJ, Steyn GJ 1997. Ecology of Synodontis nigromaculatus (Pisces: Mochokidae) from the Okavango River, Namibia. Journal of African Zoology 111 (5) 355-363

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Ecology_of_Synodontis_nigromaculatus_(Pisces,_Mochokidae)_from_the_Okavango_River,_Namibia.pdf	607.53 KB

Hamandawana H 2008. Monitoring transitions in vegetation cover to detect long-term trends in ground water resources. 2008 UNESCO UCI Groundwater Conference Proceedings

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Monitoring transitions in vegetation cover to detect long-term trends in groundwater resources.pdf	905.47 KB

Mosepele K 2008. Flood pulse in a subtropical floodplain fishery and the consequences for steady state management.. Proceedings of the second IASTED Africa conference Water Resource Management (Africa WRM 2008)

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Flood_Pulse_in_a_Subtropical_Foodplain_Fishery.pdf	585.43 KB

Hocutt CH, Johnson PN 2001. Fish response to the annual flooding regime in the Kavango River along the Angola/Namibia border. African Journal of Marine Science 23 449-464

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Fish response to the annual flooding regime in the Kavango River along the Angola_Namibia border.pdf	190.27 KB

Bauer P, Thabeng G, Stauffer F, Kinzelbach W 2004. Estimation of the evapotranspiration rate from diurnal groundwater level fluctuations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Hydrology 288 (3-4) 344-355

Website link:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022169403004293

Wolski P, Savenije HHG 2005. Dynamics of floodplain-island groundwater flow in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Hydrology

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Dynamics of floodplain_island groundwater flow in the Okavnago Delta.pdf	379.65 KB

Datla A, Schmeier S, Cuadrado-Quesada G, Mothobi R 2023. Echoes of the Okavango Delta - Does the voice of the people matter?. Water Alternatives 16 (3) 821-848

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Echoes of the Okavango Delta_Does the Voice of the People Matter.pdf	783.73 KB

Inman VL, Kingsford RT, Chase MJ, Leggett KEA 2019. Drone-based effective counting and ageing of hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius) in the Okavango Delta in Botswana. PLoS ONE 14 (12)

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Drone_based effective counting and ageing of hippopotamus in the Okavango Delta in Botswana.pdf	893.17 KB

Francis R, Bino G, Inman V, Brandis K, Kingsford RT 2021. The Okavango Delta's waterbirds - Trends and threatening processes. Global Ecology and Conservation 30

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The Okavango Deltas waterbirds.pdf	1.25 MB

Songhurst A, Chase M, Coulson T 2015. Using simulations of past and present elephant (Loxodonta africana) population numbers in the Okavango Delta Panhandle, Botswana to improve future population estimates. Wetlands Ecology and Management 23 583-602

Website link:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11273-015-9440-4

Conradie W, Keates C, Verburgt L, Baptista NL, Harvey J, Júlio T, Neef G 2022. Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Angolan Okavango- Cuando-Zambezi River drainages. Part 2: Lizards (Sauria), chelonians, and crocodiles. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 16 (2) 181-214

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Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Angolan Okavango_Cuando_Zambezi River drainages_Part 2 Lizards.pdf	3.67 MB

Conradie W, Keates C, Verburgt L, Baptista NL, Harvey J 2023. Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Angolan Okavango- Cuando-Zambezi river drainages. Part 3: Amphibians. Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 17 (1 & 2)

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Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Angolan Okavango_Cuando_Zambezi river drainages_Part 3 Amphibians.pdf	3.17 MB

Conradie W, Baptista NL, Verburgt L, Keates C, Harvey J, Júlio T, Neef G 2021. Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Angolan Okavango-Cuando-Zambezi river drainages. Part 1: Serpentes (snakes). Amphibian and Reptile Conservation 156 (2) 244-278

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Contributions to the herpetofauna of the Angolan Okavango_Cuando_Zambezi river drainages_Part 1_Serpentes.pdf	3.27 MB

Merron GS, Bruton MN 1995. Community ecology and conservation of the fishes of the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Environmental Biology of Fishes 43 109-119

Website link:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00002478

Skelton PH, Bruton MN, Merron GS, van der Waal CW 1985. The fishes of the Okavango drainage system in Angola, South West Africa and Botswana: taxonomy and distribution. Ichthyological Bulletin of the J.L.B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology 50 1-21

Website link:http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1019742

Mosepele K, Mmopelwa G, Kgathi DL, Setswalo O, Mosepele B 2015. Conflict resolution and management between local fishers and tour operators in the Okavango Delta's panhandle, Botswana. Natural Resources 6 312-324

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Conflict resolution and management between local fishers and tour operators in the Okavango Deltas panhandle_Botswana.pdf	854.96 KB

Mubyana T, Krah M, Totoloz O, Bonyongo MC 2003. Influence of seasonal flooding on soil total nitrogen, organic phosphorus and microbial populations in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments 54 (2) 359-369

Website link:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0140196302910955

Ramberg L, Wolski P, Krah M 2006. Water balance and infiltration in a seasonal floodplain in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Wetlands 26 (3) 677-690

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Water balance and infiltration in a seasonal floodplain in the Okavango Delta_Botswana.pdf	280.08 KB

Pinnock D 2025. Upstream water extraction threatens to destroy Okavango Delta.

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Upstream water extraction threatens to destroy Okavango Delta.pdf	880.53 KB

Mbaiwa JE, Mbaiwa OI 2006. The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta, Botswana. International Journal of Wilderness 12 (3) 17-41

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The effects of veterinary fences on wildlife populations in Okavango Delta_Botswana.pdf	202.87 KB

2001. Okavango River Panhandle Management Plan.

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Okavango_River_Panhandle_Management_Plan_Prepared_For_Tawana_Land_Board_by_NRP_June_1st_2001.pdf	7.1 MB

Turton AR 1999. Sea of sand, land of water: A synopsis of some strategic developmental issues confronting the Okavango delta.

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A synopsis of some strategic developmental issues confronting the Okavango delta.pdf	298.51 KB

Alheit D Report for Conservation International on the Source to Sand Expedition that followed the annual flooding of the Okavango River from ist source in Angola through Namibia and to Botswana's Delta during May-August 1997.

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Report_for_Conservation_International_on_the_Source_to_Sand_Expedition_1997.pdf	2.7 MB

Crerar S 1997. Appendix A: Initial Environmental Evaluation. Specialist Report on: The Hydrology of the Okavango River System Upstream of the Okavango Delta.

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The Hydrology of the Okavango River System Upstream of the Okavango Delta_1997.pdf	1.69 MB

Wolski P, Ramberg L, Magole L, Mazvimavi D 2009. Evolution of River Basin Management in the Okavango System, Southern Africa. Handbook of Catchment Management

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Evolution of River Basin Management in the Okavango System_Southern Africa_2009.pdf	668.05 KB

Website link:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444307672.ch21/summary

2003. Community natural resources of Bugakhawe and //Anikhwe in the Okavango Panhandle in Botswana.

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Community_Natural_Resources_of_Bugakhwe_and_Anikhwe_in_the_Okavango_Panhandle_in_Botswana.pdf	6.66 MB

2004. Environmental Monitoring of Tsetse Fly Spraying Impacts in the Okavango Delta – 2002, Final Report.

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Environmental Monitoring of Tsetse Fly Spraying Impacts in the Okavango Delta 2_2002.pdf	3.54 MB

2004. Environmental Recovery Monitoring of Tsetse Fly Spraying Impacts in the Okavango Delta – 2003, Final Report.

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Environmental Monitoring of Tsetse Fly Spraying Impacts in the Okavango Delta_2004.pdf	2.85 MB

Ngwenya BN, Mosepele K 2008. Socio-economic Survey of Subsistence Fishing in the Okavango Delta, Botswana.

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Socio_economic Survey of Subsistence Fishing in the Okavango Delta.pdf	3.93 MB

The Permanent Okavango River Basin Water Commission 2011. Cubango-Okavango River Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis.

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Cubango_Okavango River Basin Transboundary Diagnostic Analysis_2011.pdf	11.18 MB

Porto JG, Clover J 2003. Chapter 3: The peace dividend in Angola: Strategic implications for Okavango basin cooperation. Transboundary rivers, sovereignty and development: Hydropolitical Drivers in the Okavango River basin 65-81

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The peace dividend in Angola.pdf	110.82 KB

Turton A 2003. Chapter 4: The hydropolitical dynamics of cooperation in Southern Africa: A strategic perspective on institutional development in international river basins. Transboundary rivers, sovereignty and development: Hydropolitical Drivers in the Okavango River basin 83-103

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Institutional development in international river basins_2003.pdf	59.88 KB

Nicol A 2003. Chapter 8: The dynamics of river basin cooperation: The Nile and Okavango basins. Transboundary rivers, sovereignty and development: Hydropolitical Drivers in the Okavango River basin 167-186

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The Nile and Okavango basins.pdf	51.73 KB

Turton AR, Ashton P, Cloete E 2003. Chapter 1: An introduction to the hydropolitical drivers in the Okavango River basin. Transboundary rivers, sovereignty and development: Hydropolitical Drivers in the Okavango River basin 9-30

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hydropolitical drivers in the Okavango River basin.pdf	133.02 KB

Pinheiro I, Gabaake G, Heyns P 2003. Chapter 5: Cooperation in the Okavango river basin: The OKACOM perspective. Transboundary rivers, sovereignty and development: Hydropolitical Drivers in the Okavango River basin 105-118

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Cooperation in the Okavango river basin.pdf	140.46 KB

Hennessy J, Hennessy G 1997. Appendix N: Initial Environmental Evaluation. Specialist Report on: Land and Resource Use along the Okavango River System in Namibia and in the Okavango Delta in Botswana.

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Land and resource use along the Okavango River_1997.pdf	1.61 MB

2007. Okavango Delta Management Plan: Component 5: Wildlife Management - Human Elephant Conflict.

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Natural resources and people ODMP HEC final report revised.pdf	1.09 MB

Turpie J, Barnes J, Arntzen J, Nherera B, Lange G-M, Buzwani B 2006. Economic value of the Okavango Delta, Botswana, and implications for Management.

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jwwREPDelta Okavango Delta Valuation Study FINAL REPORT.pdf	3.76 MB

Bock J, Johnson SE 1997. The Okavango Delta Peoples of Botswana. Cultural Overview.

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The Okavango Delta People of Botswana_Johnson.pdf	961.74 KB