State in which the individual lacks the resources necessary for subsistence.



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Mufune P, Indongo N, Nickandor N, Eiseb G, Stephanuset K 2008. Youth migration in Namibia : baseline report.
Fjeldstad O-H, Geisler G, Nangulah S, Nygaard K, Pomuti A, Shifotoka A, van Rooy G 2005. Local governance, urban poverty and service delivery in Namibia.
Ministry of Finance and Development Planning (MFDP) 1997. Study of poverty and poverty alleviation in Botswana.
Msangi JP 2014. Chapter 2: Managing water scarcity in southern Africa: Policy and strategies. Combating Water Scarcity in Southern Africa 21-41
Msangi JP 2014. Chapter 2: Managing water scarcity in southern Africa: Policy and strategies. Chapter 2: Managing water scarcity in southern Africa: Policy and strategies 21-41
Moswete N, Lacey G 2015. "Women cannot lead": empowering women through cultural tourism in Botswana. Journal of Sustainable Tourism (23) 600-617
Medina-Muñoz DR, Medina-Muñoz RD, Gutiérrez-Pérez FJ 2016. The impacts of tourism on poverty alleviation: an integrated research framework. Journal of Sustainable Tourism (24) 270-298
Shen F, Hughey KFD, Simmons DG 2008. Connecting the Sustainable Livelihoods Approach and Tourism: A Review of the Literature. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management (15) 19-31
Mbaiwa JE 2015. Ecotourism in Botswana: 30 years later. Journal of Ecotourism (14) 204-222
Saito N, Ruhanen L, Noakes S, Axelsen M 2018. Community engagement in pro-poor tourism initiatives: fact or fallacy? Insights from the inside. Tourism Recreation Research (43) 175-185
Dewees PA, Campbell BM, Katerere Y, Sitoe A, Cunningham AB, Angelsen A, Wunder S 2010. Managing the Miombo Woodlands of Southern Africa: Policies, Incentives and Options for the Rural Poor. Journal of Natural Resources Policy Research (2) 57-73
National Planning Commission The root causes of poverty.
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The root causes of poverty.pdf 2.65 MB
National Planning Commission 2015. Namibia Poverty Mapping - Macroeconomic Planning Department.
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Namibia Poverty Mapping.pdf 5.26 MB
Krugmann H, Cole D, du Plessis P 2003. Access and benefit-sharing mechanisms for the use of botanical resources in Namibia.
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Research Discussion Paper 66_2003.pdf 328.3 KB