The Orange River, with a catchment area of approximately 1 million km2, originates in the highlands of Lesotho and flows west for approximately 2 200 km to the Atlantic Ocean. The last 600 km of the Orange River forms the border between South Africa and Namibia, and any measure to improve the management of the water resources available in the Lower Orange River, will benefit both countries. This Joint Study, under the control of the Permanent Water Commission between Namibia and South Africa, investigated and made recommendations on the more efficient management and use of water resources in the Lower Orange River.