rain | Environmental Information Service Namibia: eLibrary

Precipitation in the form of liquid water drops with diameters greater than 0.5 millimeter. (Source: MGH)

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Amit R, Enzel Y, Grodek T, Crouvi O, Porat N, Ayalon A 2010. The role of rare rainstorms in the formation of calcic soil horizons on alluvial surfaces in extreme deserts. Quaternary Research 74 (2) 177-178

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0033589410000529

Chase BM, Meadows ME 2007. Late Quaternary dynamics of southern Africa's winter rainfall zone. Earth- Sciences Reviews 84 (3-4) 103-138

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825207000773

Olivier J, de Rautenbach CJ 2002. The implementation of fog water collection systems in South Africa. Atmospheric Research 64 (1-4) 227-238

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169809502000947

Grist J, Nicholson SE, Mpolokang A 1997. On the use of NDVI for estimating rainfall fields in the Kalahari of Botswana. Journal of Arid Environments 35 (2) 195-214

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014019639690172X

Wilk J, Kniveton D, Andersson L, Layberry R, Todd MC, Hughes D, Ringrose S, Vanderpost C 2006. Estimating rainfall and water balance over the Okavango River Basin for hydrological applications. Journal of Hydrology 331 (1-2) 18-29

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022169406002502

Sturm M, Zimmermann M, Schütz K, Urbana W, Hartung H 2009. Rainwater harvesting as an alternative water resource in rural sites in central northern Namibia. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 34 (13-16) 776-785

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S147470650900062X

Joubert DF, Smit GN, Hoffman MT 2013. The influence of rainfall, competition and predation on seed production, germination and establishment of an encroaching Acacia in an arid Namibian savanna. Journal of Arid Environments 91 7-13

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014019631200300X

Franz M, Kramer-Schadt S, Kilian W, Wissel C, Groeneveld J 2010. Understanding the effects of rainfall on elephant - vegetation interactions around waterholes. Ecological Modelling 221 (24) 2909-2917

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304380010004588

du Plessis WP 1999. Linear regression relationships between NDVI, vegetation and rainfall in Etosha National Park, Namibia. Journal of Arid Environments 42 (4) 235-260

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196399905050

Klintenberg P, Seely M 2005. State of the art on existing indicators and their use for desertification monitoring and CCD implementation in southern Africa. AIDCCD active exchange of experience on indicators and development of perspectives in the context of UNCCD: Report on the state of art on existing indicators and CCD implementation in the UNCCD Annexes 95-139

Zimmermann M, Jokisch A, Deffner J, Brenda M, Urban W 2012. Stakeholder participation and capacity development during the implementation of rainwater harvesting pilot plants in central northern Namibia. Water, Science and Technology: Water Supply 12 (4) 540-548

Website link:http://www.iwaponline.com/ws/01204/ws012040540.htm

Webb JA, White S 2013. 6.31 Karst in Deserts. Reference Module in Earth Systems and Environmental Sciences - Treatise on Geomorphology 6 397-406

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B978012374739600138X

Eccles NS, Esler KJ, Cowling RM 1999. Spatial pattern analysis in Namaqualand desert plant communities: evidence for general positive interactions. Plant Ecology 142 (1-2) 71-85

Website link:http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A%3A1009857824912

Schmiedel U, Jürgens N 2004. Habitat ecology of southern African quartz fields: studies on the thermal properties near the ground. Plant Ecology 170 (2) 153-166

Downloadable files:

Attachment	Size
Habitat ecology of southern African quartz fields.pdf	685.63 KB

Büdel B, Darienko T, Deutschewitz K, Dojani S, Friedl T, Mohr KI, Salisch M, Reisser W, Weber B 2009. Southern African Biological Soil Crusts are Ubiquitous and Highly Diverse in Drylands, Being Restricted by Rainfall Frequency. Microbial Ecology 57 (2) 229-247

Downloadable files:

Attachment	Size
Southern African Biological Soil Crusts are Ubiquitous and Highly Diverse in Drylands.pdf	1.47 MB

Website link:http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00248-008-9449-9

Kaseke KF, Mills AJ, Esler K, Henschel J, Seely MK, Brown R 2012. Spatial Variation of "Non-Rainfall" Water Input and the Effect of Mechanical Soil Crusts on Input and Evaporation. Pure and Applied Geophysics 169 (12) 2217-2229

Website link:http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00024-012-0469-5

Seymour CL 2008. Grass, rainfall and herbivores as determinants of Acacia erioloba (Meyer) recruitment in an African savanna. Plant Ecology 197 (1) 131-138

Downloadable files:

Attachment	Size
Grass_rainfall and herbivores as determinants of Acacia erioloba recruitment in an African savanna.pdf	629.03 KB

Kluge T, Liehr S, Lux A, Moser P, Niemann S, Umlauf N, Urban W 2008. IWRM concept for the Cuvelai Basin in northern Namibia. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C 33 (1-2) 48-55

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1474706507000769

Earth Observatory - Flooding in northern Namibia.

Website link:http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/NaturalHazards/view.php?id=49842

Eckardt FD, Soderberg K, Coop LJ, Muller AA, Vickery KJ, Grandin RD, Jack C, Kapalanga TS, Henschel J 2013. The nature of moisture at Gobabeb, in the central Namib Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 93 7-19

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196312000432

Vogel JC, Van Urk H 1974. Isotopic composition of groundwater in semi-arid regions of southern Africa. Journal of Hydrology 25 (1-2) 23-36

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0022169475900360

Dean WRJ, Macdonald IAW 1994. Historical changes in stocking rates of domestic livestock as a measure of semi-arid and arid rangeland degradation in the Cape Province, South Africa. Journal of Arid Environments 26 (3) 281-298

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196384710305

Thorne V, Coakeley P, Grimes D, Dugdale D 2001. Comparison of TAMSAT and CPC rainfall estimates with raingauges, for southern Africa. International Journal of Remote Sensing 22 (10) 1951-1974

Website link:http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01431160118816

Turner WC, Versfeld WD, Kilian JW, Getz WM 2012. Synergistic effects of seasonal rainfall, parasites and demography on fluctuations in springbok body condition. Journal of Animal Ecology 81 (1) 58-69

Website link:http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2656.2011.01892.x/abstract

Biggs HC, Biggs R, Freyer E 1984. Observations on the Chanting Goshawk Melierax canorus during a period of poor rainfall. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on African Predatory Birds 61 - 70

Biggs HC, Biggs R, Clinning CF 1984. Raptor densities during a period of declining rainfall. Proceedings of the Second Symposium on African Predatory Birds 108

Symeonakis E, Drake N 2004. Monitoring deserti?cation and land degradation over sub-Saharan Africa. International Journal of Remote Sensing 25 (3) 573-592

Website link:http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/0143116031000095998

Lancaster N 2002. How dry was dry?-Late Pleistocene palaeoclimates in the Namib Desert. Quaternary Science Reviews 21 (7) 769-782

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379101001263

Southgate RI, Masters P, Seely MK 1996. Precipitation and biomass changes in the Namib Desert dune ecosystem. Journal of Arid Environments 33 (3) 267-280

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196396900646

Günster A 1995. Grass cover distribution in the central Namib— a rapid method to assess regional and local rainfall patterns of arid regions?. Journal of Arid Environments 29 (1) 107-114

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196395800689

Jacobson KM, Jacobson PJ 1998. Rainfall regulates decomposition of buried cellulose in the Namib Desert. Journal of Arid Environments 38 (4) 571-583

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014019639790358X

Richardson FD, Hahn BD, Hoffman BT 2005. On the dynamics of grazing systems in the semi-arid succulent Karoo: The relevance of equilibrium and non-equilibrium concepts to the sustainability of semi-arid pastoral systems. Ecological Modelling 187 (4) 491-512

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S030438000500102X

Verón SR, Paruelo JM, Oesterheld M 2006. Assessing desertification. Journal of Arid Environments 66 (4) 751-763

Website link:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196306000486

Latorre JG, Garcia-Latorre J, Sanchez-Picon A 2001. Dealing with aridity: socio-economic structures and environmental changes in an arid Mediterranean region. Land Use Policy 18 (1) 53-64

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0264837700000454

Heinrich D 2008. Mit dem Regen kam die Brutzeit.

Website link:http://www.az.com.na/tourismus/natur-und-umwelt/mit-dem-regen-kam-die-brutzeit.64758.php

Wiegand K, Saltz D, Ward D 2006. A patch-dynamics approach to savanna dynamics and woody plant encroachment - Insights from an arid savanna. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics 7 (4) 229 - 242

Downloadable files:

Attachment	Size
A patch_dynamics approach to savanna dynamics and woody plant encroachment_Insights from an arid savanna.pdf	415.07 KB

Klintenberg P, Seely M 2004. Land Degradation Monitoring in Namibia: A First Approximation. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 99 (1 - 3) 5 - 21

Downloadable files:

Attachment	Size
Land Degradation Monitoring in Namibia_A First Approximation.pdf	1.52 MB

Ward D, Saltz D, Ngairorue BT 2004. Spatio-temporal rainfall variation and stock management in arid Namibia. Journal of Range Management 57 (2) 130 - 140

Website link:http://www.jstor.org/pss/4003910

Ward D, Ngairorue BT 2000. Are Namibia's grasslands desertifying?. Journal of Range Management 53 138 - 144

Website link:http://www.jstor.org/pss/4003273

Schachtschneider K, February EC 2010. The relationship between fog, floods, groundwater and tree growth along the lower Kuiseb River in the hyperarid Namib. Journal of Arid Environments 74 (12) 1632 - 1637

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196310001692

du Plessis WP 2001. Effective rainfall defined using measurements of grass growth in the Etosha National Park, Namibia. Journal of Arid Environments 48 (3) 397 - 417

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196300907523

Pitman WV 1980. A depth-duration-frequency diagram for point rainfall in SWA-Namibia. Water S.A. 6 (4) 157 - 162

Downloadable files:

Attachment	Size
A depth_duration_frequency diagram for point rainfall in SWA_Namibia.pdf	293.75 KB

Mattes M, Mason SJ 1998. Evaluation of a seasonal forecasting procedure for Namibian rainfall. South African Journal of Science 94 183 - 185

Website link:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286015945_Evaluation_of_a_seasonal_forecasting_procedure_for_Namibian_rainfall

Klintenberg P, Seely M, Christiansson C 2007. Local and national perceptions of environmental change in central Northern Namibia: Do they correspond?. Journal of Arid Environments 69 (3) 506 - 525

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196306003880

Hüser K 1975. Der Niederschlagsgang und die Niederschlagsverteilung im Gebiet des Erongo mittleres Südwestafrika. Journal der SWA Wissenschaftlichen Gesellschaft 30 7 - 21

Website link:http://agris.fao.org/agris-search/search.do?recordID=US201302958933

Hughes DA, Metzler W 1998. Assessment of three monthly rainfall-runoff models for estimating the water resource yield of semiarid catchments in Namibia. Hydrological Sciences Journal 43 (2) 283 - 297

Downloadable files:

Attachment	Size
Assessment of three monthly rainfall_runoff models for estimating the water resource yield of semiarid catchments in Namibia.pdf	1.11 MB

Hughes DA 1995. Monthly rainfall-runoff models applied to arid and semiarid catchments for water resource estimation purposes. Hydrological Sciences Journal 40 (6) 751 - 769

Website link:http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02626669509491463

Caylor KK, Shugart HH, Rodriguez-Iturbe I 2005. Tree Canopy Effects on Simulated Water Stress in Southern African Savannas. Ecosystems 8 (1) 17 - 32

Website link:http://www.springerlink.com/content/ua4fjykycexgx5y1/

Burke A 2004. Vegetation types of the Brukkaros Mountain - a hide-out for some winter-rain related species and range resources?. Journal of the Namibia Scientific Society 51 97 - 113

Website link:http://www.namibiana.de/de/journal-vol-51-2003.html

Burke A 2004. Range management systems in arid Namibia - what can livestock numbers tell us?. Journal of Arid Environments 59 (2) 387 - 408

Website link:http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0140196304000345