Bush encroachment is a significant environmental challenge that affects ecosystems worldwide, particularly in savanna and arid regions. This issue is characterised by the progressive invasion of woody vegetation at high densities. Namibia, Botswana and South Africa have experienced similar consequences, including reduced rangeland carrying capacity, lowered groundwater levels, biodiversity loss and diminished ecosystem services. The primary causes are climate change, land use practices and shifts in ecological factors, leading to ecological, economic, and social repercussions. Bush encroachment remains one of the major obstacles to sustainable land management. Addressing this issue requires a combination of ecological knowledge, practical solutions, and community engagement. By implementing integrated management techniques, it is possible to reduce the impacts of bush encroachment and promote the sustainable use of land resources. Current control methods of bush encroachment include mechanical and chemical interventions, fire management and integrated land management strategies. Despite these efforts, bush encroachment persists. Addressing this issue requires ongoing research into the ecological, socio-economic issues, and climatic factors that contribute to bush encroachment. Collaborative efforts with local communities and across neighbouring countries are essential, promoting shared solutions and sustainable land management at the grassroots level, which is likely to ensure long term success. Considering that bush encroachment negatively affects a large number of landowners across the three countries. Bush control efforts in form of labour-based or mechanical bush thinning are cost intensive. The development of value chains and the marketing of biomass products by dedicated businesses are ways of recovering these costs for owners. Various policies and regulations across the region are put in place to ensure sustainable bush control and biomass utilization with the greater aim to support land restoration and sustainable land use at local, national and regional levels. This report was produced as part of the EU Horizon 2020 SteamBioAfrica project.