poisoning | Environmental Information Service Namibia: eLibrary

The morbid condition produced by a poison which may be swallowed, inhaled, injected, or absorbed through the skin. (Source: KOREN)

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van den Heever L, Smit-Robinson HA, Naidoo V, McKechnie AE 2019. Blood and bone lead levels in South Africa's Gyps vultures: Risk to nest-bound chicks and comparison with other avian taxa. Science of the Total Environment 669 471-480

Website link:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969719311052

Krüger SC 2018. Lead exposure in the critically endangered bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) population in southern Africa. Journal of Raptor Research 52 (4) 491-499

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Lead exposure in the critically endangered bearded vulture _Gypaetus barbatus.pdf	403.93 KB

Koeppel KN, Kemp LV 2015. Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in South Africa. Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery 29 (4) 340–344

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Lead toxicosis in a southern ground hornbill Bucorvus leadbeateri in South Africa.PDF	314.39 KB

Haig SM, D'Elia J, Eagles-Smith C, Fair JM, Gervais J, Herring G, Rivers JW, Schulz JH 2014. The persistent problem of lead poisoning in birds from ammunition and fishing tackle. The Condor 116 (3) 408-428

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The persistent problem of lead poisoning in birds from ammunition and fishing tackle.pdf	1.46 MB

Ecke F, Singh NJ, Arnemo JM, Bignert A, Helander B, Berglund AMM, Borg H, Bröjer C, Holm K, Lanzone M, Miller T, Nordström A, Räikkönen J, Rodushkin I, Agren E, Hörnfeldt B 2017. Sublethal lead exposure alters movement behavior in free-ranging golden eagles. Environmental Science and Technology 51 5729-5736

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Sublethal lead exposure alters movement behavior in free_ranging golden eagles.pdf	518.35 KB

Jenni L, Madry MM, Kraemer T, Kupper J, Naegeli H, Jenny H, Jenny D 2015. The frequency distribution of lead concentration in feathers, blood, bone, kidney and liver of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos: insights into the modes of uptake. Journal of Ornithology 156 (4) 1095-1103

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The frequency distribution of lead concentration in feathers_blood, bon_ kidney and liver of golden eagles Aquila chrysaetos.pdf	819.73 KB

Gangoso L, Alvarez-Lloret P, Rodriguez-Navarro AAB, Mateo R, Hiraldo F, Donázar JA 2009. Long-term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources. Environmental Pollution 157 569-574

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Long_term effects of lead poisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammunition sources.pdf	261.94 KB

Berny P, Vilagines L, Cugnasse J-M, Mastain O, Chollet J-Y, Joncour G, Razin M 2015. Vigilance poison: Illegal poisoning and lead intoxication are the main factors affecting avian scavenger survival in the Pyrenees (France). Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 118 71-82

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Illegal poisoning and lead intoxication are the main factors affecting avian scavenger survival in the Pyrenees.pdf	1.51 MB

McCann BE, Whitworth W, Newman RA 2016. Efficacy of non-lead ammunition for culling elk at Theodore Roosevelt National Park. Human-Wildlife Interactions 10 (2) 268-282

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Efficacy of non_lead ammunition for culling elk at Theodore Roosevelt National Park.pdf	416.88 KB

Buenz EJ 2016. Lead exposure through eating wild game. The American Journal of Medicine 129 (5) 457-458

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Lead exposure through eating wild game.pdf	260.61 KB

Green RE, Pain DJ 2019. Risks to human health from ammunition-derived lead in Europe. Ambio 48 954-968

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Risks to human health from ammunition_derived lead in Europe.pdf	451.6 KB

Stroud RK, Hunt WG 2009. Gunshot wounds: A source of lead in the environment. Ingestion of lead from spent ammunition: Implications for wildlife and humans 119-125

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Gunshot wounds A source of lead in the environment.pdf	1.05 MB

Legagneux P, Suffice P, Messier J-S, Lelievre F, Tremblay JA, Maisonneuve C, Saint-Louis R, Bety J 2014. High risk of lead contamination for scavengers in an area with high moose hunting success. PLoS ONE 9 (11) e111546

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High risk of lead contamination for scavengers.pdf	281.48 KB

Erel Y, Pinhasi R, Coppa A, Ticher A, Tirosh O, Carmel L 2021. Lead in archeological human bones reflecting historical changes in lead production. Environmental Science and Technology

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Lead in archeological human bones reflecting historical changes in lead production.pdf	1.13 MB

Blakley BR 2021. Lead poisoning in animals. Merck Veterinary Manual

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Lead poisoning in animals_2021.pdf	142.75 KB

Website link:https://www.merckvetmanual.com/toxicology/lead-poisoning/lead-poisoning-in-animals

Kelly TR, Bloom PH, Torres SG, Hernandez YZ, Poppenga RH, Boyce WM, Johnson CK 2011. Impact of the California lead ammunition ban on reducing lead exposure in golden eagles and turkey vultures. PLoS ONE 6 (4) e17656

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Impact of the California lead ammunition ban on reducing lead exposure in golden eagles and turkey vultures.pdf	406.39 KB

Robson S 2007. Nitrate and nitrite poisoning in livestock. Primefacts 415 1-4

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Nitrate and Nitrite Poisoning in Livestock Robson 2007.pdf	101.73 KB

2014. African Raptors. Newsletter of the African Raptor Network

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ARN Newsletter 4.pdf	3.09 MB

2022. Conservation Status and Red List of the Terrestrial Carnivores of Namibia.

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Conservation Status and Red List of the Terrestrial Carnivores of Namibia.pdf	29.34 MB
Carnivore-Red-Data-Book-low-res.pdf	27.29 MB
Poster Conservation Status and Red List of the Terrestrial Carnivores of Namibia.pdf	8.33 MB

Truscott R 2022. As poachers poison wildlife, Zimbabwe finds an antidote in tougher laws.

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ZIM_2022_09_As poachers poison wildlife Zimbabwe finds an antidote in tougher laws_Mongaby.pdf	930.59 KB

Hampton JO, Specht AJ, Pay JM, Pokras MA, Bengsen JA 2021. Portable X-ray fluorescence for bone lead measurements of Australian eagles. Science of the Total Environment 789

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Portable X_ray fluorescence for bone lead measurements of Australian eagles.pdf	730.81 KB

Leontowich AFG, Panahifar A, Ostrowski R 2022. Fragmentation of hunting bullets observed with synchrotron radiation: Lighting up the source of a lesser-known lead exposure pathway. PLoS ONE 17 (8) e0271987

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2022_Fragmentation of hunting bullets observed using synchrotron radiation_Leontowitch.pdf	1.44 MB

Humphries M, Myburgh J, Campbell R, Combrink X 2022. High lead exposure and clinical signs of toxicosis in wild Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) from a World Heritage site: Lake St Lucia estuarine system, South Africa. Chemosphere 303 (1) 134977

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Humphries et al. 2022_St Lucia croc BPb.pdf	7.43 MB

Namibian Wildlife Lead (Pb) Poisoning Working Group (NWLPWG).

Website link:https://n-c-e.org/namibian-wildlife-lead-poisoning-working-group

Namibia Animal Rehabilitation Research and Education Centre (NARREC), HumaneLABS 2020. Wildlife poisoning crime scene protocols.

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Wildlife poisoning crime scene protocols.pdf	1.5 MB

Besmet: How lions are being poisoned and poached in the Kruger National Park.

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SA_2023_08_Besmet_How Lions are being poisoned and poached in the Kruger National Park_The Citizen.pdf	346.82 KB

Plaza PI, Martínez-López E, Lambertucci SA 2019. The perfect threat: Pesticides and vultures. Science of The Total Environment 687 1207-1218

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The perfect threat_Pesticides and vultures.pdf	404.92 KB

Theart F, Kemp L, Buys C, Hauptfleisch M, Berg P 2024. A confirmed human fatality due to envenomation by the Kunene Coral Snake (Aspidelaps lubricus cowlesi) in Namibia. Toxicon 237

Website link:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0041010123003483

Marais J 2022. Dangerous snakes of Namibia.

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Dangerous snakes of Namibia.pdf	1.44 MB

Weise FJ, Van Vuuren RJ, Echement KE, Cleverley MP, Van Vuuren M 2013. Successful snakebite treatment in three juvenile African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) with polyvalent antivenom: a Namibian case report. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 84 (1)

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Successful snakebite treatment in three juvenile African wild dogs with polyvalent antivenom.pdf	1.47 MB

2024. Three suspected poachers apprehended in Omaheke.

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NAM_2024_11_Three suspected poachers apprehended in Omaheke_Informante.pdf	46.49 KB

2024. Endangered Egyptian Vultures return to South Africa in historic conservation milestone.

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SA_2024_11_Endangered egyptian vultures return to South Africa in historic conservation milestone_GoodThingsGuy.pdf	173.04 KB

2024. Mysterious mass elephant die-off 'probably caused by toxic water'.

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AFR_2024_11_Mysterious mass elephant die_off probably caused by toxic water_The Guardian.pdf	142.32 KB

Website link:https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/nov/29/mystery-mass-die-off-deaths-elephants-toxic-water-botswana

Mowbray S 2024. Vulture poisonings in the Serengeti alarm conservationists.

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TAN_2024_11_Vulture poisonings in the Serengeti alarm conservationists_Mongabay.pdf	1.22 MB

Makopa F 2025. Hippo deaths spark environmental concerns.

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ZIM_2025_01_Hippo deaths spark environmental concerns_News Daily.pdf	129.55 KB

2025. 84 Cape vultures rescued from poisoning in the Kruger National Park.

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SA_2025_05_84 cape vultures rescued from poisoning in the Kruger National Park_SANParks.pdf	90.3 KB

Pinnock D 2025. Mass Kruger Park poisoning - 84 vultures saved in 'shocking, gruesome' incident.

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SA_2025_05_Mass Kruger Park poisoning_84 vultures saved in shocking_gruesome incident_Daily Maverick.pdf	414.79 KB

Mowbray S 2025. Cape vulture conservation offers hope, but challenges remain.

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SA_2025_05_Cape vulture conservation offers hope_but challenges remain_Mongabay.pdf	585.81 KB

Pinnock D 2025. Fears of a syndicate plot to wipe out all Lowveld vultures after 100 more poisoned.

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SA_2025_05_Fears of a syndicate plot to wipe out all Lowveld vultures after 100 more poisoned_Daily Maverick.pdf	1.47 MB

Tuso P 2025. Where is Zimbabwe's cyanide queen? Li Song, wanted over wildlife poisoning, skips bail.

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ZIM_2025_05_Where is Zimbabwes cyanide queen_Li Song_wanted over wildlife poisoning_skips bail_Daily Maverick.pdf	511.98 KB

Malinga G 2025. Team set up to tackle wildlife poisoning.

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SA_2025_06_Team set up to tackle wildlife poisoning_East Coast Radio.pdf	219.46 KB

Ncube L, Tshili N 2025. Zimbabwe: 'Poacher kills' over 100 elephants.

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ZIM_2025_06_Poacher kills over 100 elephants_Journal of African Elephants.pdf	504.75 KB

Simelane L 2025. A threat to vultures is a threat to people: Inside Kruger's vulture poisoning crisis.

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SA_2025_06_A threat to vultures is a threat to people_Inside Krugers vulture poisoning crisis_News 24.pdf	521.36 KB

Mowbray S 2025. Mass vulture poisonings expose need for cross-border action in Southern Africa.

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SA_2025_09_Mass vulture poisonings expose need for cross_border action in Southern Africa_Mongabay.pdf	706.68 KB

2025. South Africa: Government committed to vulture conservation.

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SA_2025_09_South Africa_Government committed to vulture conservation_All Africa.pdf	70.92 KB

Bester FV 1989. Navorsing gedoen met betrekking tot gifblaar Dichapetalum cymosum. Agricola 7 60-64

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Navorsing gedoen met betrekking tot gifblaar Dichapetalum cymosum_1989.pdf	1.34 MB

Bridgeford P 2001. Notes: More vulture deaths in Namibia. Vulture News 44 22-26

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More vulture deaths in Namibia.pdf	1.67 MB

2006. Poisons and Pesticides - A Guide to Safe Use.

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Poisons and Pesticides- A Guide to Safe Use.pdf	2.13 MB

Poisons and Pesticides - Using them Responsibly and Safely.

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Poisons and Pesticides- Using them Responsibly and Safely.pdf	786.82 KB

Predators on Livestock Farms in Namibia.

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Predators on Livestock Farms in Namibia.pdf	2.5 MB