The goal of this study was to gather information on indigenous technical knowledge and its application in the utilization of veld products and wildlife by two communities in the southern Kalahari. The region in south western Botswana is semi-arid, and prone to droughts and range degradation, with rural livelihoods in general characterized by a distinct lack of opportunities due to the decline of Kalahari wildlife and lack of suitable water for livestock. The study tested the assumption that local people still employ indigenous ways of managing veld products and wildlife. It used quantitative and qualitative data collection techniques consisting of a survey and other participatory methods such as the administration of questionnaires, key informant interviews and focus group discussions. The study showed that environmental indicators play a significant role in the management and utilization of key veld products and wildlife species. It is concluded that a combination of indigenous and modern knowledge can be used to improve management of both veld products and wildlife in the region and that the best way to achieve this would be through the adoption of a management oriented monitoring system (MOMS).