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t's a grim and all too common sight for rangers at some of Africa’s nature reserves: the bullet-riddled carcass of an elephant, its tusks removed by poachers. African elephant populations have fallen by about 30% since 2006. Poaching has driven the decline. Some reserves, like Garamba in the Democratic Republic of Congo and Selous in Tanzania, have lost hundreds of elephants to poachers over the last decade. But others, like Etosha National Park in Namibia, have been targeted far less.

African rhinos endure a huge problem of poaching. The rhinos are sought by poachers, traffickers, international criminal groups and even tourists. On 15 July 2018, an internet search for "rhino poaching" showed over 48700 media references on the subject. People from Asia are the prime wildlife consumers. In China and Viet Nam mainly, the demand for rhino horn has gone beyond any level-headed imagination, fuelled by endless inspirations of local traditions and attitudes, a situation exacerbated by wrong and misinformed perceptions of wildlife products.

Pangolins are trafficked in high numbers. Estimates suggest that in the period 2000–2019 the equivalent of approximately 900,000 pangolins were illegally traded globally. This primarily occurs within Asia and Africa, and from Africa to Asia2 , but also involves Europe, North America, and other parts of the world. Trade can involve live and dead pangolins, their scales, and other body parts (e.g., skins).