Wood for charcoal is harvested mainly from commercial livestock farms in central and northern Namibia. Encroacher species commonly used, include: Senegalia erubescens, Senegalia fleckii, Vachellia nilotica, Vachellia luederitzii, Vachellia reficiens, Colophospermum mopane, Rhigozum trichotomum, Terminalia prunioides, Terminalia sericea, Senegalia mellifera and Dichrostachys cinerea. Approximately three to four tonnes of biomass are needed to produce one tonne of charcoal, using conventional metal kilns.