Rhinos are being killed for their horns in a poaching crisis that has stretched on for nearly two decades. In 2006, 60 rhinos were poached in Africa. Nine years later, the official figure leapt to a staggering 1,349 rhinos killed in 2015. More than 10,000 rhinos have been killed since the poaching crisis began. Today, rhino populations in South Africa and Namibia are bearing the brunt of rhino poaching. This is especially true for protected areas that were once safe and secure strongholds for wild white and black rhinos, including Kruger National Park and Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park in South Africa and Etosha National Park in Namibia. Kruger National Park has seen its white rhino population plummet from more than 10,000 individuals to fewer than 2,000 as of 2023, Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park experienced consecutive record-breaking years of rhino poaching in 2022 and 2023, and Critically Endangered black rhinos continue to experience high levels of poaching in Etosha National Park. Demand for rhino horn comes primarily from a consumer base in China and Vietnam where rhino horn is carved into trinkets and consumed for its purported medicinal value. Organized criminal networks control international rhino horn trafficking and are responsible for the poaching of wild rhinos in Africa and Asia. This organized crime is facilitated by corruption, a lack of resources, poor international enforcement collaboration, and insufficient political will in range, transit, and consumer countries. Public and private rhino horn stockpiles kept in some rhino range states exacerbate rhino poaching and illegal trade by perpetuating demand and presenting costly enforcement burdens.