In South Africa, most adult African penguins molt between September and January; at Namibia's Mercury Island, most molt in April and May. Throughout their range most immature birds molt between November and January. The season of breeding varies between colonies but at each takes place when food is likely to be most abundant nearby. The main molt of adults occurs when food is least available near colonies. Birds that stop breeding earlier than usual may undertake an early molt. Key words: Molt timing, Breeding timing, Food availability, African penguin.