Human crocodile conflict is widespread throughout Africa and occurs at higher frequencies than in most other parts of the world. In spite of this, data on the distribution and scale of the conflict remains limited with conservationists and policy makers often relying on limited data to make management decisions. To make informed choices on how to mitigate these conflicts, an understanding of both the human dimensions, such as the frequency and distribution of conflict, as well as the biological dimensions, such as the distribution and abundance of crocodiles, is required. In the context of the lower Kunene River of north-western Namibia, one aerial survey of crocodiles was undertaken in 2012, while no previous research on the nature of human crocodile interactions had been undertaken before this study. Considering the above, this study aimed to estimate, as accurately as possible, the distribution and abundance of Nile crocodiles along the lower Kunene River, with the intention of comparing the current population estimate to that of 2012. In addition, the study set out to produce the first comprehensive data set on the scale, drivers, and distribution of human crocodile conflict (HCC) along the river. To estimate of the abundance and distribution of Nile crocodiles along the lower Kunene River, an aerial survey was undertaken over three days in April 2021. The data collected during the survey were plotted on a map and analysed using both the direct count and modelled estimate of the crocodile population. These results were compared to those of the 2012 survey. To understand the interactions between humans and crocodiles along the lower Kunene River, a social survey was undertaken during which a questionnaire was administered to 155 households living along the Namibian bank of the river. These social ecological data were collected over two months in early 2022 and interpreted using both spatial and statistical analysis. Regarding the Nile crocodile population along the lower Kunene River, a population estimate of between 287 (0.81 crocodiles per km), and 597 (1.7 crocodiles per km) was determined. These results suggest a decrease in the crocodile population of between 28 and 49% from 2012 to 2021. Additionally, a demographic shift seems to be underway with the numbers of crocodiles under 2 m in length appearing to remain relatively stable between 2012 and 2021, whereas the number of crocodiles > 2 m have decreased dramatically. Importantly, human population density appeared to be negatively correlated with crocodile abundance suggesting that as the number of humans in an area increases, the number of crocodiles decreases. The results of the social survey showed that the large majority (92%) of households actively engage in subsistence farming and place a great deal of importance on growing crops and rearing livestock. Community members living along the lower Kunene River appear to be heavily reliant on water from the river with at least two thirds of households using the river for drinking, washing, and bathing water. Reliable records of 33 crocodile attacks on humans between 2010 and March 2022 were obtained with men appearing to be at the highest risk of attack. Fishing was found to be the activity with the highest risk, and afternoon/ evening appeared to be the time with the highest risk of experiencing a crocodile attack. Additionally, there seemed to be an increased risk of attack as households performed more activities at the river, and for households who used the river as a primary source of water. Crocodile attacks on livestock appeared to be substantial with 55% of cattle owners and 78% of small stock owners reporting losses to crocodiles in 2021. Most (82%) livestock owners felt crocodiles were the animal responsible for the most damage to their herds, and most attacks appeared to occur in the hot and dry (Okuni) season. Watering livestock in the afternoon/ evening emerged as the time of day with the highest risk of attack while morning was the lowest, as was the case with attacks on humans. Households with a higher dependence on the river demonstrated a higher risk of experiencing attacks on livestock. The Nile crocodile population along the lower Kunene River showed a positive correlation with attacks on small stock, while the human population correlated positively with attacks on livestock and humans. Retaliation against crocodiles was not widely reported, although there were reports of crocodiles being killed with firearms, poison, snares, and hook and lines. Most respondents cited attacks on livestock as the motive behind retaliating against crocodiles. Perceptions of crocodiles were generally negative, and most respondents failed to offer solutions to the conflict between humans and crocodiles along the lower Kunene River.