Observations were made on two populations of the greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) in Namibia to investigate the influence of differing management strategies (trophy hunting vs. venison production) on the population structure, behaviour and ecology of these antelope with regard to population persistence. The population structure on both study sites was similar despite different management strategies. However, the percentage of males in respective age classes differed significantly. All sex ratios were clearly female-biased, even though at birth they are close to parity, indicating sex- and age-specific mortality. Matriarchal groups were larger than groups led by bulls. The group size reached a maximum during the breeding season (rut). The male age classes accompanying females in this season differed strongly between the two study sites. The behavioural patterns shown by kudu over the course of a 12-h period (esp. feeding and locomotion) were also significantly different for the two populations. The results suggest that the management strategies can have an impact on behaviour and population structure of T. strepsiceros and may affect the overall fitness of the population. Keywords: Greater kudu, Trophy hunting, Sociobiology, Wildlife management.