An analysis of bird-atlas data, road counts, an aerial census, and landowners' comments confirmed that Ludwig's Bustard Neotis ludwigii is a winter migrant to the winter-rainfall Succulent Karoo biome. In addition, the species appears to migrate seasonally between the Namib and Namibian Escarpment regions. There is no evidence, however, that the abundance of the species decreases in the summer-rainfall Nama Karoo biome during the winter. There was a Significant positive correlation between Ludwig's Bustard densities, as measured during road counts, and the total rainfall in the three months before each count, but this explained relatively little of the variation in Ludwig's Bustard densities. The total population size of the species was estimated at between 56 000 and 81000 individuals.