The surrounding areas around the Chobe National Park having water and fertile soils, which are preferred by both farmers and elephants, set the stage for a battle between humans and elephants, referred to as human-elephant conflict (HEC). This chapter reviews the history of human-elephant interactions and complexities of HEC in Africa. Sustainable solutions to HEC require that spatial and temporal patterns of elephant movement be incorporated into land-use planning. Crop depredation represents the dominant cause of HEC, with affected communities incurring both direct and indirect costs. Elephants have provided ivory, meat, hides and draft power to humans; national economic benefits also arise from wildlife-based tourism. Commitment, education, and empowerment are all keys to effective community-based conservation (CBC). This requires effective governance at local, regional, and national levels, without which HEC will never be sufficiently mitigated to satisfy both community leaders and conservationists. Keywords: Africa, crops, elephant ecology, elephant macroeconomics, elephant microeconomics, human-elephant conflict (HEC), ivory.