Lions in the arid to semi-arid environment of the Kunene Region live at low densities and maintain large home ranges. In a classic example of adaptation to a harsh environment these lions exhibit unique behaviour, such as individual specialisation and cooperative hunting in Etosha and killing seals along the Skeleton Coast. Lions are of great aesthetic appeal and financial value due to the growing tourism industry in the Region. Baseline data on density, demography, and ecology of lions collected by this study contribute to our understanding of lion population dynamics and conservation status. These data are valuable and may be used to guide tourism development, management, and the development of long-term conservation strategies.