In the last decades, wildlife populations in most sub-Saharan African countries and in the Maghreb continued to decline, even disappearing in some cases. Causes are mainly related to greater human pressure and loss of habitat, in addition to poaching, inappropriate management and overexploitation. In many national parks, it has been possible – thanks mostly to strong international support – to put an end to this trend and to help the fauna and flora retain their character as a heritage of mankind. Notwithstanding the existence of conservation concepts, most countries have not been able to reconcile between conservation requirements and socioeconomic development needs.