The last holistic and constructive workshop centered on multi-species vulture conservation, the Pan-African Vulture Summit, was held in April 2012 in Kenya. In the two and a half years since this conference, new threats to vultures have emerged in southern Africa (wind energy developments), almost all other threats have continued in some capacity (indirect poisonings, power line collisions and electrocutions) and even intensified in certain regions (direct poisonings). It was time that vulture enthusiasts and professionals gather to re-evaluate the efficacy of previous action plans and look forward to help conserve all southern African vulture species. This Seminar was structured to be an open forum to educate and then discuss issues surrounding vulture conservation. Invitations were open to the public and specifically sent to landowners, vulture restaurant managers, veterinarians, scientists, students, conservationists, NGOs / NPOs and government officials.