When combined with appropriate pre- and post-harvest measures, the thinning of bush can contribute to improving key ecosystem services in Namibian landscapes. Although some of these ecosystem services benefits are directly reaped by the custodians themselves (see CBA report), the landscape rehabilitation and biodiversity benefits associated with aftercare also benefit a broader group of people at a local, national and even global level. Payments for ecosystem services have been developed as a way to incentivize the maintenance or improvement of these public goods and services by the people living within the ecosystem, who bare most of the costs of maintenance.