Conservation Status: Vulnerable; Southern African Range: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, Zimbabwe, Mozambique; Area of Occupancy: 90,300 km2; Population Estimate: 3,000 to 4,000 birds; only four known breeding sites; Population Trend: Possibly declining; Habitat: Coastal waters, especially bays, large inland dams, sewage works; Threats: Single mass breeding sites vulnerable to fluctuating water levels, disturbance, pollution.