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Namibian Wildlife Crimes article archive

This archive of published media articles about wildlife crime in Namibia aims to:

  • provide easy public access to published information and statistics
  • enable easy stakeholder access to articles
  • provide a comprehensive archive of wildlife crime reporting in Namibia

Public access to information is a vital component of ensuring community engagement in prevalent issues. Wildlife crime is one of the pressing environmental issues of our time.

Wildlife crime investigations are generally covert operations requiring utmost confidentiality to succeed. Investigations and prosecutions in complex cases may take months or even years to complete. For this reason, the information that can be released to the public without compromising cases is often limited. Nonetheless, the Namibian government strives to share as much information as possible with the public.

The Namibian media has welcomed this approach and regularly publishes statistics and feature articles on wildlife crime. These are entered into the database at regular intervals, creating a comprehensive archive of wildlife crime reporting in Namibia.

Explore your search results using the filter checkboxes, or amend your search or start a new search.

Displaying results 1 - 50 of 55
Monday, 30 December 2024
Cowan C 2024. Tortoise protection culture prompts efforts to curb trafficking in Madagascar.

Community-led antitrafficking networks are proving pivotal in helping authorities intercept poachers targeting critically endangered and endemic tortoises in southern Madagascar’s fast-disappearing spiny forests. Illegal hunting, both for their meat and to supply the pet trade, has decimated the species’ population in recent decades. Indigenous people living in the range of the imperiled species are motivated to protect them due to long-standing traditional beliefs that value and respect the tortoises.

Monday, 30 December 2024
Chukwuanu M 2024. How decline in lion population is affecting Nigeria's tourism potential.

Conservationists have raised the alarm about the rapid decline in Nigeria’s lion population, which now stands at fewer than 50 wild lions; a stark contrast to the thousands that roamed the country decades ago. They urged Nigerians to protect lions by reducing illegal bushmeat consumption, supporting better protection of their shrinking habitat, and championing anti-poaching measures. The experts also cautioned that losing these apex predators would have devastating consequences for Nigeria’s ecosystems and cultural heritage, as well as its tourism potential.

Friday, 27 December 2024
Hacialioglu S 2024. Baby gorilla smuggling case in Türkiye leads to rescue of 284 animals in Thailand.

The Istanbul Airport seizure of a smuggled baby gorilla on Dec. 22, has led to significant developments in Thailand. Acting on information shared by Turkish authorities following the smuggling case, Thai police raided a farm in Nakhon Pathom province, uncovering 284 animals from 22 species, raising concerns about illegal wildlife trade.

Thursday, 26 December 2024
2024. Rare unique plants in Southern Africa have spurred a familiar enemy.

South Africa and Nambia's biodiversity has given rise to a wave of illegal activities, orchestrated by organized crime groups. These groups have sprung up as a result of the demand for unique plants known as succulents. South Africa's biodiversity is being threatened by organized crime groups involved in illegal poaching of rare succulent plants. Succulents are found in the Succulent Karoo desert in South Africa and Namibia, known for their ability to retain water in harsh conditions.

Friday, 20 December 2024
2024. Illegal ivory vehicle overturns.
Katima Mulilo - The police in the Zambezi are investigating a road accident after a vehicle which was reportedly carrying illegal elephant tusks and other game products overturned at Kapani village, some 90 kilometres south of Katima Mulilo last Friday night.
Friday, 20 December 2024
Joubert L 2024. Poachers target South Africa's 'miracle' plant with near impunity.

South Africa has faced a surge in poaching of rare succulents by criminal syndicates since 2019. A recent spike in prices paid for a different kind of plant, a drylands-adapted lily, the miracle clivia (Clivia mirabilis), has drawn the attention of plant-trafficking syndicates to the lone reserve where it grows. Large numbers of clivias have been seized by law enforcement, raising fears that this rare plant is quickly being wiped out from the limited range where it’s known to occur.

Tuesday, 17 December 2024
2024. Poachers caught red-handed.

Acting on a tip-off, Mpumalanga police nabbed two men with a stash of rifles near the Kruger National Park. The suspects, aged 37 and 38, were arrested on Monday, 16 December. Police received crucial intel that was swiftly acted upon by the Tactical Response Team. Brigadier Donald Mdhluli, Mpumalanga police spokesman, said: "An intelligence operation was immediately launched, leading us to two houses in Kabokweni and Pienaar, near the Kruger border."

Tuesday, 17 December 2024
Mthembu T 2024. Police seize rifles and arrest suspected poachers during raids.

Two men, aged 37 and 38, were arrested on Monday, December 16, in a coordinated operation targeting suspected poachers near the Kruger National Park. The arrests, carried out by the SA Police Service (SAPS) Tactical Response Team (TRT), followed intelligence from the police’s Crime Intelligence Structure said the Mpumalanga police spokesperson, Brigadier Donald Mdhluli.

Monday, 16 December 2024
2025. Community trusts in global mafia network.

A number of Botswana Community Trusts are unwittingly part of a huge international wildlife criminal network - Sunday Standard investigations have revealed. Documents passed to the Sunday Standard have revealed how the trusts are used as "grey" nodes (legal players who participate in illegal activities) in criminal hunting schemes by the international wildlife mafia.

Monday, 9 December 2024
2024. 'It shouldn't be that easy': inside the illegal wildlife trade booming on social media.
Social media sites have become crucial tools for the sale of endangered species and platforms should do more to combat it, say experts.
Friday, 6 December 2024
2024. Waterbuck and ostrich hunted illegally at Omaruru.

An incident of illegal hunting involving protected game was reported to the police in Omaruru on Friday after the remains of a waterbuck and an ostrich were discovered on a farm in the area. The exact time of the crime is unknown, but the police suspect it occurred between 27 and 29 November. The head and intestines of the waterbuck, as well as the legs of the ostrich, were found at the scene of the crime. No arrests have been made yet.

Friday, 6 December 2024
2024. South Africa: Minister condemns illegal harvesting of the West Coast Rock Lobster.

The Minister of Forestry, Fisheries and the Environment, Dr Dion George, has condemned the illegal harvesting of the West Coast Rock Lobster and the indiscriminate targeting of its egg-bearing females. These illegal activities destroy millions of potential lobsters that could contribute to a sustainable marine ecosystem and could also provide much-needed economic opportunities to local communities.

Thursday, 5 December 2024
Toto E 2024. DRC's reliance on charcoal threatens forests and fuels armed conflict.

Kanyaruchinya, Democratic Republic of Congo - Amid a circle of spectators, a troupe of performers takes center stage. Songs resound, accompanied by the beat of drums and lively dances. A large banner carries a powerful message: "The future of our environment depends on our behavior today." The drumming soon gives way to a play performed in Swahili. We're in Kanyaruchinya, in the Nyiragongo territory of North Kivu province in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Some 200,000 people have sought refuge in the southern part of the province, seeing a conflict that has been raging since…

Thursday, 5 December 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Order against road construction to tin mine at Khorixas.

Judge Collins Parker on Monday in the High Court in Windhoek struck down the counter-application of Ottilie Ndimulunde to an urgent court application by two communal conservation areas in the Kunene region, a traditional authority and tourism company. "The first respondent came to play rugby, but the game is a football game, so to speak," Parker argued in the court order, declaring the four applicants' case regarding a new road to a tin mine urgent. The four applicants are the conservation areas of Doro !

Wednesday, 4 December 2024
Menges W 2024. Ex-cop arrested for poaching loses appeal about dismissal.

A fromer police officer who was kicked out of the Namibian Police after being arrested on rhino-poaching and firearms charges has lost a Supreme Court appeal about his dismissal. Former detective inspector Wersimus Haipa’s appeal to the Supreme Court was dismissed in a judgement delivered on Friday. Haipa appealed against a High Court judgement in which an application by him to have his discharge from the police reviewed and set aside was dismissed in May this year.

Tuesday, 3 December 2024
Pinnock D 2024. Controversial tin mine in Namibia imperils conservation of endangered black rhino.

The blurb for an editorial in The Namibian newspaper on 9 November read: "From Kavango to Kunene, down south across the breadth and width of Namibia, the scramble for the country’s mineral, oil and energy sources is in overdrive." The article ended: "Government officials have turned Namibia into an unsustainable El Dorado with a vicious cycle of short-term searches for riches dishing out mining exploration licences to a select few." As you read this, graders, excavators and tipper trucks are hacking a road through three conservancies famous for their conservation of endangered,…

Tuesday, 3 December 2024
Evans J 2024. Landmark De Hoop Marine Protected Area conviction sets precedent for environmental accountability.
For the first time, the state successfully convicted a fishing company not only for illegal fishing within a Marine Protected Area but also for causing environmental damage, resulting in a R1-million fine and signalling a tougher stance on marine conservation enforcement.
Monday, 2 December 2024
Schneider V 2024. Namibian conservancies fight to block mining threat to rhinos.

Two Namibian community conservancies and a tourism operator have turned to the courts to block development of a tin mine. The conservancies say the environmental impact assessments for the open-pit mine are flawed and will disturb wildlife, including critically endangered southern black rhinos. In a similiar case in the //Huab Conservancy, a copper mine disturbed wildlife in the area, forcing rhino-based tourism to shut down.

Saturday, 30 November 2024
2024. Noi Bai Customs detected 2 tourists suspected of transporting rhino horn.

TPO - On November 30, the Customs Sub- Department of Noi Bai International Airport (Hanoi Customs Department) said that the unit had just discovered 2 Vietnamese passengers suspected of transporting rhino horn from abroad. These two passengers traveled on flight number QR984 from Angola via Doha to Vietnam.

Friday, 29 November 2024
2024. Mysterious mass elephant die-off 'probably caused by toxic water'.

Satellite data analysis suggests climate-induced algal blooms could be behind hundreds of deaths in Botswana that sparked flurry of theories in 2020More than 350 elephants that died in mysterious circumstances probably drank toxic water, according to a new paper that warns of an "alarming trend" in climate-induced poisoning.The deaths in Botswana's Okavango delta were described by scientists as a "conservation disaster". Elephants of all ages were seen walking in circles before collapsing and dying.

Friday, 29 November 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Several conservation areas reportedly opposed to tin mining.

The conservation areas of Ûibasen, Twyfelfontein and Doro ! Nawas strongly denies allegations of widespread support for the Goantagab tin mine at Khorixas. This follows allegations in local media reports that the local community supports the mining operations in the Sorris Sorris Conservation Area. "The claim that Ultimate Safaris independently opposes the mine is incorrect. Opposition to the mine is a joint effort by the conservation areas of Ûibasen Twyfelfontein and Doro !

Thursday, 28 November 2024
Mukube I 2024. New community courts to advance restorative justice - Dausab.

The minister said the court enables the swift prosecution for offenses such as wildlife trafficking, illegal logging and pollution, aligning with national and international efforts to safeguard the environment.

Wednesday, 27 November 2024
2024. Three suspected poachers apprehended in Omaheke.

Three suspected poachers, who allegedly travelled from Windhoek with the intention of poisoning rhinos at a farm in the Omaheke Region, were arrested by police on Saturday morning. According to the police's weekend crime report, the suspects planned to poach rhinos at Farm Morester in the Trans-Kalahari area by feeding them poisoned fruits. It is alleged that the suspects - aged between 29 and 41 - travelled on a truck from Windhoek to the Tallismanus T-junction, where they disembarked and walked to the farm.

Wednesday, 27 November 2024
Kagoro J 2024. Chinese pangolin merchants arrested over illegal wildlife trade.

Four Chinese nationals were arrested last week in Kampala for their involvement in illegal wildlife trade and tax evasion. The suspects were apprehended by the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) in collaboration with Uganda Police and Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) following the discovery of illegal wildlife products and smuggled goods at their residence in Naguru, Kampala. Among the items recovered were 9.4 kilogrammes of pangolin scales, two skinned pangolin carcasses, 167 cartons of smuggled premium cigarettes, and Shs27 million in cash. 

Tuesday, 26 November 2024
Mowbray S 2024. Vulture poisonings in the Serengeti alarm conservationists.

In July this year, conservationists from North Carolina Zoo in the U.S. and the Grumeti Fund in Tanzania went searching for a white-backed vulture in Tanzania's Serengeti National Park that had been tagged a few weeks earlier. Tracking data suggested the bird had died. The team traveled off-road to the southwestern edge of the park, accompanied by rangers from the Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA). Upon arriving at the bird's location, they came across a gruesome scene: 108 vultures had been sorted into rows, missing their heads and feet.

Tuesday, 26 November 2024
Matthys D 2024. 'UK's anti-trophy hunting bill confuses poaching and trophy hunting.

A proposed bill in the United Kingdom (UK) oversimplifies the complex issues surrounding wildlife conservation and poaching. This is according to Namibia Professional Hunting Association (Napha) vice ombudsman Danene van der Westhuizen who says the anti-hunting movement treats regulated hunting and illegal poaching as the same thing. The bill seeks to ban the importation of hunting trophies from lions, elephants and other animals.

Sunday, 24 November 2024
Pinnock D 2024. Controversial tin mine in Namibia imperils conservation of endangered black rhino.

Three conservancies in Namibia and their joint venture partner are trying to fight off a mine thatthreatens wildlife and community welfare because it will ruin tourism.

Friday, 22 November 2024
Kheibes E, Mueller O 2024. Members of Neighbourhood Watch hunt illegally.

Waldo McClune (38), Fabian Routh (39), Brandon Van Wyk (34) and Terence Theron (47), all members of the Block A neighbourhood watch, are said to have hunted the game at night and, with the owner's knowledge, delivered it to a well-known slaughterhouse in Rehoboth. McClune is reportedly part of the group's executive committee. The source, who wishes to remain anonymous, told the Namibian Sun that McClune had exploited his position to influence the nightly meetings, and members were concerned about the extent of negligence and feared for their monthly dues.

Friday, 22 November 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Names of alleged Etosha poachers killed in shoot-out made public.

The names of the three alleged poachers who were shot dead in the Etosha National Park have been revealed. They are Namibians Elifas Shali Kapembe (24), Nicky Nandiinotya Andreas (33) and Immanuel Petrus (23). According to the Namibian Police, their next of kin have been informed. The deadly gunfight occurred last Saturday during a skirmish between the three armed and suspected poachers and members of the anti-poaching unit in Etosha. According to the police, members of the anti-poaching operation in Etosha noticed footprints inside the park near the fence during a patrol on…

Thursday, 21 November 2024
Gaiseb R 2024. 'Poachers' killed in Etosha.

Three suspected poachers were shot and killed in the Etosha National Park last Friday, the Namibian Police Force has announced. Members of the police’s anti-poaching unit at Etosha observed shoeprints during their routine foot and vehicle patrols. The following day, they tracked down the suspected poachers.

Thursday, 21 November 2024
2024. Police arrest three suspected rhino poachers armed with a hunting rifle, pistol and ammo.

Three suspected rhino poachers are expected in court after their arrest in northern KwaZulu-Natal on Wednesday. Police spokesperson Col Robert Netshiunda said they were arrested in Pongola shortly after midnight as part of Operation Vala Umgodi. "Police collected intelligence about the three suspects who were travelling from Hluhluwe to a game farm in Magudu area where they were reportedly going to poach rhinos. An operation was put in motion and the suspects' vehicle was intercepted on the R66 Road in the Pongola policing precinct," he said.

Thursday, 21 November 2024
Koro E 2024. U.S. Appeals Court's decision on ivory, Rhino horn sales may signal reopening of international trade.
U.S. Appeals Court's decision on ivory, Rhino horn sales may signal reopening of international trade.
Wednesday, 20 November 2024
2024. Three arrested for warthog meat possession.

The Namibian Police in Otavi have arrested three suspects who were allegedly found in possession of warthog meat. The three suspects - one Angolan and two Namibian males - were apprehended at Farm Salem on Friday morning. The value of the warthog is estimated at N$500.

Wednesday, 20 November 2024
Terblanché N 2024. Three poachers killed during gunfight in Etosha.

A deadly exchange of gunfire during which three suspected poachers were killed occurred over the weekend in the Etosha National Park. According to the Inspector General of the Namibian Police, Lieutenant General Joseph Shikongo the fatal exchange of gunfire followed a routine patrol by members of the Anti-Poaching Unit. "The confrontation began on Friday evening when anti-poaching officers, during their routine patrols along the park’s perimeter, discovered suspicious shoeprints indicating an illegal entry through the fence.

Tuesday, 19 November 2024
Nangolo N 2024. 27 new boreholes to curb human-wildlife clashes in Kavango.

President Nangolo Mbumba has announced the establishment of 27 new boreholes across the Kavango West region's six constituencies in a bid to tackle water scarcity and human-wildlife conflict. Additionally, two traditional wells in Mpungu constituency have been upgraded to relieve communities grappling with these persistent challenges. Speaking at a Swapo rally in Mupini over the weekend, Mbumba highlighted the party's efforts to improve living conditions in the region, one of the country’s youngest regions.

Tuesday, 19 November 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Rhino poachers are becoming 'domesticated'.

Rhino poachers are becoming domesticated. Not only do they strike more during full moons, but they even poach during daylight. So says a despondent farmer in the Okahandja district who caught two men red-handed on his farm last Tuesday with rhino horns in their possession. He says in the past three weeks, rhino poachers have raided three locations in the central area, poaching and killing rhinos.

Tuesday, 19 November 2024
2024. Three suspected poachers shot dead in Etosha.

The Namibian Police have reported a fatal shooting incident in which three suspected poachers were fatally shot by members of the Anti-Poaching Unit in Etosha National Park. According to Chief Inspector Elifas Kuwinga, media liaison officer within the Namibian Police, the incident occurred on Friday, 15 November 2024, at around 19:00. During routine foot and vehicle patrols along the park’s fence, members of the Anti-Poaching Unit observed shoe prints indicating entry into the park through the fence.

Tuesday, 19 November 2024
2024. Endangered Egyptian Vultures return to South Africa in historic conservation milestone.

Two endangered Egyptian Vultures have landed in the Eastern Cape after a 16,600km journey, marking a pivotal step in a groundbreaking conservation effort to bring this species back from extinction in South Africa. Eastern Cape, South Africa (19 November 2024) – In a groundbreaking step for African wildlife conservation, a pair of endangered Egyptian Vultures has completed an epic 16,600-kilometre journey from San Diego to their new home in the Eastern Cape.

Monday, 18 November 2024
South African Police Service (SAPS) 2024. The vigilance of a Springbok SAPS K9 team led to the arrest of three suspects found in possession of rhino horns and protected plants in Springbok on Monday, 11 November 2024.

Kimberley - The vigilance of a Springbok SAPS K9 team led to the arrest of three suspects found in possession of rhino horns and protected plants in Springbok on Monday, 11 November 2024. The police received information about an unknown vehicle transporting rhino horns on the R355 road between Springbok and Gamoep. The intelligence was operationalised and a vehicle checkpoint (VCP) was set up on the said road to stop and search all vehicles. The police K9 protected species dog, Ozzy positively responded the luggage in one of the vehicles stopped and searched.

Saturday, 16 November 2024
2024. The state of South Africa's captive lion industry 2024 - Kicking the can further down the road.

Six years ago, on the 21st August 2018, Michele Pickover, Executive Director of the EMS Foundation and Dr Smaragda Louw, Director of Ban Animal Trading, jointly presented their findings of an eighteen month investigation and research project about South Africa’s role in the international lion bone trade at a Colloquium held in the Parliament of South Africa.

Friday, 15 November 2024
2024. Ezemvelo confident in rhino dehorning strategy despite spike in poaching.

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife remains confident in the effectiveness of its rhino dehorning programme, despite the recent loss of 20 dehorned rhinos targeted for their horn stumps in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP). Since the programme's launch in April, over 1 000 rhinos have been dehorned, resulting in a significant drop in poaching numbers. Initially, Ezemvelo was hesitant to dehorn rhinos due to cost concerns and the sanctuary's unique appeal for tourists seeking to see rhinos with horns.

Friday, 15 November 2024
Lambley G 2024. Three suspects nabbed for possession of rhino horns and protected plants in Springbok.

The vigilance of a Springbok SAPS K9 team led to the arrest of three suspects found in possession of rhino horns and protected plants in the Northern Cape town.

Thursday, 14 November 2024
Smit E 2024. Africa's elephants in need.

A study has found that data collected over a period of 53 years on elephant populations in Africa show that a dramatic decline in elephant populations has been recorded over the period. This study concludes that habitat loss and poaching are the reason for the dramatic decline in African elephants. However, the study, "Survey based inference of continental African elephant decline," published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that it was difficult to measure the numbers for the entire continent and to monitor changes accurately.

Thursday, 14 November 2024
David M 2024. Man caught with timber.

The Namibian Police Force in the Oshana region has arrested a 42-year-old man after his vehicle was intercepted with timber loaded in it at the Oshiko roadblock on Thursday. Oshana Crime Investigation Coordinator, Deputy Commissioner Frederick Ndjadila, said that the suspect was caught around 21:00. According to Ndjadila, the suspect faces charges of possession of forest produce without a permit/license, transportation of forest produce without a permit/license, and driving a motor vehicle without a license.

Thursday, 14 November 2024
Nitnaware H 2024. Unchecked big cat trade thrives in South Africa, fuelling global wildlife crime.

South Africa has become the world's largest exporter of big cats and their body parts, with a thriving yet poorly regulated industry enabling illegal trade, according to a new report by global animal welfare organisation Four Paws. More than 3,500 live big cats and 34,000 body parts were exported from South Africa over the past two decades, revealed the report based on data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Nyaga B 2025. Kenya rolls out rhino ear-notching, tracking initiative in Tsavo West.

The Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, in partnership with the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and other conservation partners, has launched a rhino ear-notching and transmitter fitting exercise within the Tsavo West Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ). This initiative will involve the ear-notching and transmitter fitting of 20-25 rhinos, enhancing traceability and protection efforts. The exercise employs advanced technology, including LoRaWAN-enabled tracking devices, which enable near real-time monitoring and improved conservation outcomes.

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Dasgupta S 2024. African elephants declining - but some areas show promise.

Across the African continent, elephant populations have largely declined over the past several decades, but some areas show hopeful signs of recovery, according to a new study. Researchers have monitored the numbers of forest and savanna elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis, L. africana) in different parts of Africa since the 1960s. However, few stud ies have compiled all the survey data collected over decades, across the continent, George Wittemyer, study co-author and conservation biologist at Colorado State University, U.S., told Mongabay by email.

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Odindo N 2024. Kenya: 2 Tanzanians arrested for alleged smuggling of tusks valued at KSh 3.3m.

Police officers from Mtwapa Police Station, along with Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) officers, have arrested two Tanzanian nationals allegedly involved in the illegal ivory trade. Paul Kuya and Paul Telek were nabbed from their hideout in Majengo, Mtwapa. The suspects, identified as Paul Kuya (36) and Paul Telek (29), were apprehended in a hideout in the Majengo area of Mtwapa, where authorities uncovered eleven elephant tusks weighing 32.924 kilograms. How did officers recover the tusks? The tusks, valued at KSh 3.3 million, were packed in nylon sacks and concealed in three…

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Otji farmer in court over croc charges.

Farmer and hunting operator in the Otjiwarongo district, Johan van Rensburg, was arrested last Thursday after a live crocodile and a crocodile carcass were discovered on his farm, according to the protected resources unit at the Namibian police. He appeared in the Otjiwarongo Magistrate's Court on Friday in connection with the illegal hunting and transportation of two crocodiles. Van Rensburg, the owner of Osonjiva Safaris Namibia, was released on bail of N$20 000 and the case has been postponed for further investigation until 17 February 2025.

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Carnie T 2024. Relentless poachers butcher 20 dehorned rhinos in KZN sanctuary.

The dehorning project in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozirhino sanctuary in KwaZulu-Natal has suffered asetback, with at least 20 dehorned animals gunneddown for their remnant horn stumps over the pastmonth. E (right) collect blood samples prior to the dehorning of another rhinoin Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve. The dehorning project in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozirhino sanctuary in KwaZulu-Natal has suffered asetback, with at least 20 dehorned animals gunneddown for their remnant horn stumps over the past month. 

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