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Namibian Wildlife Crimes article archive

This archive of published media articles about wildlife crime in Namibia aims to:

  • provide easy public access to published information and statistics
  • enable easy stakeholder access to articles
  • provide a comprehensive archive of wildlife crime reporting in Namibia

Public access to information is a vital component of ensuring community engagement in prevalent issues. Wildlife crime is one of the pressing environmental issues of our time.

Wildlife crime investigations are generally covert operations requiring utmost confidentiality to succeed. Investigations and prosecutions in complex cases may take months or even years to complete. For this reason, the information that can be released to the public without compromising cases is often limited. Nonetheless, the Namibian government strives to share as much information as possible with the public.

The Namibian media has welcomed this approach and regularly publishes statistics and feature articles on wildlife crime. These are entered into the database at regular intervals, creating a comprehensive archive of wildlife crime reporting in Namibia.

Explore your search results using the filter checkboxes, or amend your search or start a new search.

Displaying results 1 - 50 of 67
Saturday, 30 November 2024
2024. Noi Bai Customs detected 2 tourists suspected of transporting rhino horn.

TPO - On November 30, the Customs Sub- Department of Noi Bai International Airport (Hanoi Customs Department) said that the unit had just discovered 2 Vietnamese passengers suspected of transporting rhino horn from abroad. These two passengers traveled on flight number QR984 from Angola via Doha to Vietnam.

Friday, 29 November 2024
2024. Mysterious mass elephant die-off 'probably caused by toxic water'.

Satellite data analysis suggests climate-induced algal blooms could be behind hundreds of deaths in Botswana that sparked flurry of theories in 2020More than 350 elephants that died in mysterious circumstances probably drank toxic water, according to a new paper that warns of an "alarming trend" in climate-induced poisoning.The deaths in Botswana's Okavango delta were described by scientists as a "conservation disaster". Elephants of all ages were seen walking in circles before collapsing and dying.

Friday, 29 November 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Several conservation areas reportedly opposed to tin mining.

The conservation areas of Ûibasen, Twyfelfontein and Doro ! Nawas strongly denies allegations of widespread support for the Goantagab tin mine at Khorixas. This follows allegations in local media reports that the local community supports the mining operations in the Sorris Sorris Conservation Area. "The claim that Ultimate Safaris independently opposes the mine is incorrect. Opposition to the mine is a joint effort by the conservation areas of Ûibasen Twyfelfontein and Doro !

Thursday, 28 November 2024
Mukube I 2024. New community courts to advance restorative justice - Dausab.

The minister said the court enables the swift prosecution for offenses such as wildlife trafficking, illegal logging and pollution, aligning with national and international efforts to safeguard the environment.

Wednesday, 27 November 2024
2024. Three suspected poachers apprehended in Omaheke.

Three suspected poachers, who allegedly travelled from Windhoek with the intention of poisoning rhinos at a farm in the Omaheke Region, were arrested by police on Saturday morning. According to the police's weekend crime report, the suspects planned to poach rhinos at Farm Morester in the Trans-Kalahari area by feeding them poisoned fruits. It is alleged that the suspects - aged between 29 and 41 - travelled on a truck from Windhoek to the Tallismanus T-junction, where they disembarked and walked to the farm.

Wednesday, 27 November 2024
Kagoro J 2024. Chinese pangolin merchants arrested over illegal wildlife trade.

Four Chinese nationals were arrested last week in Kampala for their involvement in illegal wildlife trade and tax evasion. The suspects were apprehended by the Uganda Wildlife Authority (UWA) in collaboration with Uganda Police and Uganda Revenue Authority (URA) following the discovery of illegal wildlife products and smuggled goods at their residence in Naguru, Kampala. Among the items recovered were 9.4 kilogrammes of pangolin scales, two skinned pangolin carcasses, 167 cartons of smuggled premium cigarettes, and Shs27 million in cash. 

Tuesday, 26 November 2024
Mowbray S 2024. Vulture poisonings in the Serengeti alarm conservationists.

In July this year, conservationists from North Carolina Zoo in the U.S. and the Grumeti Fund in Tanzania went searching for a white-backed vulture in Tanzania's Serengeti National Park that had been tagged a few weeks earlier. Tracking data suggested the bird had died. The team traveled off-road to the southwestern edge of the park, accompanied by rangers from the Tanzania National Parks Authority (TANAPA). Upon arriving at the bird's location, they came across a gruesome scene: 108 vultures had been sorted into rows, missing their heads and feet.

Tuesday, 26 November 2024
Matthys D 2024. 'UK's anti-trophy hunting bill confuses poaching and trophy hunting.

A proposed bill in the United Kingdom (UK) oversimplifies the complex issues surrounding wildlife conservation and poaching. This is according to Namibia Professional Hunting Association (Napha) vice ombudsman Danene van der Westhuizen who says the anti-hunting movement treats regulated hunting and illegal poaching as the same thing. The bill seeks to ban the importation of hunting trophies from lions, elephants and other animals.

Sunday, 24 November 2024
Pinnock D 2024. Controversial tin mine in Namibia imperils conservation of endangered black rhino.

Three conservancies in Namibia and their joint venture partner are trying to fight off a mine thatthreatens wildlife and community welfare because it will ruin tourism.

Friday, 22 November 2024
Kheibes E, Mueller O 2024. Members of Neighbourhood Watch hunt illegally.

Waldo McClune (38), Fabian Routh (39), Brandon Van Wyk (34) and Terence Theron (47), all members of the Block A neighbourhood watch, are said to have hunted the game at night and, with the owner's knowledge, delivered it to a well-known slaughterhouse in Rehoboth. McClune is reportedly part of the group's executive committee. The source, who wishes to remain anonymous, told the Namibian Sun that McClune had exploited his position to influence the nightly meetings, and members were concerned about the extent of negligence and feared for their monthly dues.

Friday, 22 November 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Names of alleged Etosha poachers killed in shoot-out made public.

The names of the three alleged poachers who were shot dead in the Etosha National Park have been revealed. They are Namibians Elifas Shali Kapembe (24), Nicky Nandiinotya Andreas (33) and Immanuel Petrus (23). According to the Namibian Police, their next of kin have been informed. The deadly gunfight occurred last Saturday during a skirmish between the three armed and suspected poachers and members of the anti-poaching unit in Etosha. According to the police, members of the anti-poaching operation in Etosha noticed footprints inside the park near the fence during a patrol on…

Thursday, 21 November 2024
Gaiseb R 2024. 'Poachers' killed in Etosha.

Three suspected poachers were shot and killed in the Etosha National Park last Friday, the Namibian Police Force has announced. Members of the police’s anti-poaching unit at Etosha observed shoeprints during their routine foot and vehicle patrols. The following day, they tracked down the suspected poachers.

Thursday, 21 November 2024
2024. Police arrest three suspected rhino poachers armed with a hunting rifle, pistol and ammo.

Three suspected rhino poachers are expected in court after their arrest in northern KwaZulu-Natal on Wednesday. Police spokesperson Col Robert Netshiunda said they were arrested in Pongola shortly after midnight as part of Operation Vala Umgodi. "Police collected intelligence about the three suspects who were travelling from Hluhluwe to a game farm in Magudu area where they were reportedly going to poach rhinos. An operation was put in motion and the suspects' vehicle was intercepted on the R66 Road in the Pongola policing precinct," he said.

Thursday, 21 November 2024
Koro E 2024. U.S. Appeals Court's decision on ivory, Rhino horn sales may signal reopening of international trade.
U.S. Appeals Court's decision on ivory, Rhino horn sales may signal reopening of international trade.
Wednesday, 20 November 2024
2024. Three arrested for warthog meat possession.

The Namibian Police in Otavi have arrested three suspects who were allegedly found in possession of warthog meat. The three suspects - one Angolan and two Namibian males - were apprehended at Farm Salem on Friday morning. The value of the warthog is estimated at N$500.

Wednesday, 20 November 2024
Terblanché N 2024. Three poachers killed during gunfight in Etosha.

A deadly exchange of gunfire during which three suspected poachers were killed occurred over the weekend in the Etosha National Park. According to the Inspector General of the Namibian Police, Lieutenant General Joseph Shikongo the fatal exchange of gunfire followed a routine patrol by members of the Anti-Poaching Unit. "The confrontation began on Friday evening when anti-poaching officers, during their routine patrols along the park’s perimeter, discovered suspicious shoeprints indicating an illegal entry through the fence.

Tuesday, 19 November 2024
Nangolo N 2024. 27 new boreholes to curb human-wildlife clashes in Kavango.

President Nangolo Mbumba has announced the establishment of 27 new boreholes across the Kavango West region's six constituencies in a bid to tackle water scarcity and human-wildlife conflict. Additionally, two traditional wells in Mpungu constituency have been upgraded to relieve communities grappling with these persistent challenges. Speaking at a Swapo rally in Mupini over the weekend, Mbumba highlighted the party's efforts to improve living conditions in the region, one of the country’s youngest regions.

Tuesday, 19 November 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Rhino poachers are becoming 'domesticated'.

Rhino poachers are becoming domesticated. Not only do they strike more during full moons, but they even poach during daylight. So says a despondent farmer in the Okahandja district who caught two men red-handed on his farm last Tuesday with rhino horns in their possession. He says in the past three weeks, rhino poachers have raided three locations in the central area, poaching and killing rhinos.

Tuesday, 19 November 2024
2024. Three suspected poachers shot dead in Etosha.

The Namibian Police have reported a fatal shooting incident in which three suspected poachers were fatally shot by members of the Anti-Poaching Unit in Etosha National Park. According to Chief Inspector Elifas Kuwinga, media liaison officer within the Namibian Police, the incident occurred on Friday, 15 November 2024, at around 19:00. During routine foot and vehicle patrols along the park’s fence, members of the Anti-Poaching Unit observed shoe prints indicating entry into the park through the fence.

Tuesday, 19 November 2024
2024. Endangered Egyptian Vultures return to South Africa in historic conservation milestone.

Two endangered Egyptian Vultures have landed in the Eastern Cape after a 16,600km journey, marking a pivotal step in a groundbreaking conservation effort to bring this species back from extinction in South Africa. Eastern Cape, South Africa (19 November 2024) – In a groundbreaking step for African wildlife conservation, a pair of endangered Egyptian Vultures has completed an epic 16,600-kilometre journey from San Diego to their new home in the Eastern Cape.

Monday, 18 November 2024
South African Police Service (SAPS) 2024. The vigilance of a Springbok SAPS K9 team led to the arrest of three suspects found in possession of rhino horns and protected plants in Springbok on Monday, 11 November 2024.

Kimberley - The vigilance of a Springbok SAPS K9 team led to the arrest of three suspects found in possession of rhino horns and protected plants in Springbok on Monday, 11 November 2024. The police received information about an unknown vehicle transporting rhino horns on the R355 road between Springbok and Gamoep. The intelligence was operationalised and a vehicle checkpoint (VCP) was set up on the said road to stop and search all vehicles. The police K9 protected species dog, Ozzy positively responded the luggage in one of the vehicles stopped and searched.

Saturday, 16 November 2024
2024. The state of South Africa's captive lion industry 2024 - Kicking the can further down the road.

Six years ago, on the 21st August 2018, Michele Pickover, Executive Director of the EMS Foundation and Dr Smaragda Louw, Director of Ban Animal Trading, jointly presented their findings of an eighteen month investigation and research project about South Africa’s role in the international lion bone trade at a Colloquium held in the Parliament of South Africa.

Friday, 15 November 2024
2024. Ezemvelo confident in rhino dehorning strategy despite spike in poaching.

Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife remains confident in the effectiveness of its rhino dehorning programme, despite the recent loss of 20 dehorned rhinos targeted for their horn stumps in Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Park (HiP). Since the programme's launch in April, over 1 000 rhinos have been dehorned, resulting in a significant drop in poaching numbers. Initially, Ezemvelo was hesitant to dehorn rhinos due to cost concerns and the sanctuary's unique appeal for tourists seeking to see rhinos with horns.

Friday, 15 November 2024
Lambley G 2024. Three suspects nabbed for possession of rhino horns and protected plants in Springbok.

The vigilance of a Springbok SAPS K9 team led to the arrest of three suspects found in possession of rhino horns and protected plants in the Northern Cape town.

Thursday, 14 November 2024
Smit E 2024. Africa's elephants in need.

A study has found that data collected over a period of 53 years on elephant populations in Africa show that a dramatic decline in elephant populations has been recorded over the period. This study concludes that habitat loss and poaching are the reason for the dramatic decline in African elephants. However, the study, "Survey based inference of continental African elephant decline," published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, found that it was difficult to measure the numbers for the entire continent and to monitor changes accurately.

Thursday, 14 November 2024
David M 2024. Man caught with timber.

The Namibian Police Force in the Oshana region has arrested a 42-year-old man after his vehicle was intercepted with timber loaded in it at the Oshiko roadblock on Thursday. Oshana Crime Investigation Coordinator, Deputy Commissioner Frederick Ndjadila, said that the suspect was caught around 21:00. According to Ndjadila, the suspect faces charges of possession of forest produce without a permit/license, transportation of forest produce without a permit/license, and driving a motor vehicle without a license.

Thursday, 14 November 2024
Nitnaware H 2024. Unchecked big cat trade thrives in South Africa, fuelling global wildlife crime.

South Africa has become the world's largest exporter of big cats and their body parts, with a thriving yet poorly regulated industry enabling illegal trade, according to a new report by global animal welfare organisation Four Paws. More than 3,500 live big cats and 34,000 body parts were exported from South Africa over the past two decades, revealed the report based on data from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES).

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Nyaga B 2025. Kenya rolls out rhino ear-notching, tracking initiative in Tsavo West.

The Ministry of Tourism and Wildlife, in partnership with the Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) and other conservation partners, has launched a rhino ear-notching and transmitter fitting exercise within the Tsavo West Intensive Protection Zone (IPZ). This initiative will involve the ear-notching and transmitter fitting of 20-25 rhinos, enhancing traceability and protection efforts. The exercise employs advanced technology, including LoRaWAN-enabled tracking devices, which enable near real-time monitoring and improved conservation outcomes.

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Dasgupta S 2024. African elephants declining - but some areas show promise.

Across the African continent, elephant populations have largely declined over the past several decades, but some areas show hopeful signs of recovery, according to a new study. Researchers have monitored the numbers of forest and savanna elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis, L. africana) in different parts of Africa since the 1960s. However, few stud ies have compiled all the survey data collected over decades, across the continent, George Wittemyer, study co-author and conservation biologist at Colorado State University, U.S., told Mongabay by email.

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Odindo N 2024. Kenya: 2 Tanzanians arrested for alleged smuggling of tusks valued at KSh 3.3m.

Police officers from Mtwapa Police Station, along with Kenya Wildlife Service (KWS) officers, have arrested two Tanzanian nationals allegedly involved in the illegal ivory trade. Paul Kuya and Paul Telek were nabbed from their hideout in Majengo, Mtwapa. The suspects, identified as Paul Kuya (36) and Paul Telek (29), were apprehended in a hideout in the Majengo area of Mtwapa, where authorities uncovered eleven elephant tusks weighing 32.924 kilograms. How did officers recover the tusks? The tusks, valued at KSh 3.3 million, were packed in nylon sacks and concealed in three…

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Steynberg F 2024. Otji farmer in court over croc charges.

Farmer and hunting operator in the Otjiwarongo district, Johan van Rensburg, was arrested last Thursday after a live crocodile and a crocodile carcass were discovered on his farm, according to the protected resources unit at the Namibian police. He appeared in the Otjiwarongo Magistrate's Court on Friday in connection with the illegal hunting and transportation of two crocodiles. Van Rensburg, the owner of Osonjiva Safaris Namibia, was released on bail of N$20 000 and the case has been postponed for further investigation until 17 February 2025.

Wednesday, 13 November 2024
Carnie T 2024. Relentless poachers butcher 20 dehorned rhinos in KZN sanctuary.

The dehorning project in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozirhino sanctuary in KwaZulu-Natal has suffered asetback, with at least 20 dehorned animals gunneddown for their remnant horn stumps over the pastmonth. E (right) collect blood samples prior to the dehorning of another rhinoin Hluhluwe-iMfolozi Game Reserve. The dehorning project in the Hluhluwe-iMfolozirhino sanctuary in KwaZulu-Natal has suffered asetback, with at least 20 dehorned animals gunneddown for their remnant horn stumps over the past month. 

Monday, 11 November 2024
2024. 53 years of survey data confirm African elephant decline.

Habitat loss and poaching have driven dramatic declines in African elephants, but it is challengingto measure their numbers and monitor changes across the entire continent. A new study hasanalyzed 53 years of population survey data and found large-scale declines in most populations ofboth species of African elephants. From 1964–2016, forest elephant populations decreased on average by 90%, and savanna elephantpopulations fell on average by 70%. In combination, populations declined by 77% on average.

Saturday, 9 November 2024
2024. Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation and UK to collaborate on restoring biodiverse landscapes.

The Kavango Zambezi Transfrontier Conservation Area (KAZA TFCA) Secretariat has signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) with the United Kingdom (UK) to collaborate on the regional application of the Biodiverse Landscapes Fund (BLF), which aims to restore landscapes. The KAZA Secretariat was represented by its Executive Director, Dr Nyambe Nyambe, while the UK was represented by Giles Enticknap MBE, the UK’s High Commissioner to Botswana and Special Representative to the Southern African Development Community (SADC).

Saturday, 9 November 2024
2024. Dehorning as last resort in fight against rhino poaching.

Hluhluwe - Dehorning rhinos is the last resort in fighting rhino poaching and saving the under-siege species. That's according to the Chief Executive of Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife, Sihle Mkhize. Of 499 rhinos poached across the country in 2023, 307 were from Hluhluwe-Imfolozi Park in northern KwaZulu-Natal. Ezemvelo KZN Wildlife has dehorned 1,800 rhinos at the park since April this year in an effort to curb rhino poaching.

Friday, 8 November 2024
2024. More southern white rhino move as part of massive rewilding initiative!.

For the third time this year, a group of southern white rhinos have made a big move as part of an even bigger initiative that’s giving the future of their species hope! Rhino Rewild plans to move 2000 rhinos to safer locations in the next ten years, and they are well on their way.

Tuesday, 5 November 2024
Naidoo D 2020. South Africa's Conservation efforts ranked 25th globally but challenges remain.

The recently released Nature Conservation Index (NCI) places South Africa 25th out of 180 countries, recognising strides in biodiversity conservation while highlighting significant areas needing improvement. The NCI, developed by BioDB, evaluates countries based on 25 critical indicators across land management, species protection, governance, and future conservation trends. Despite its mid-level global position, South Africa faces challenges, notably in marine conservation and governance stability, which impact the country’s ability to effectively enforce environmental policies…

Friday, 31 March 2023
Ngema T 2023. Good Samaritan to the rescue after confiscating a poached grey duiker.

Durban - A Good Samaritan came to the rescue of a poached duiker when he confiscated the animal from its poacher. The Centre for Rehabilitation of Wildlife (Crow) reported that on Sunday it received a call from a concerned member of the public from Hammarsdale, who informed them that he had confiscated a male grey duiker as it was a victim of poaching.

Friday, 31 March 2023
2023. NSPCA removes 3 illegally kept lions in Randfontein, person could face fine of R10m.

Durban - A Randfontein homeowner who was charged with illegally keeping three lions on his property could face jail time or a fine of up to R10 million. The NSPCA said they been contacted by the Gauteng Department of Agriculture and Rural Development (GDARD) regarding the illegal possession and captivity of three lions at a property in Randfontein. Keshvi Nair, NSPCA public relations officer, said they and Randwest SPCA carried out an inspection at the property on March 22. A joint operation between the NSPCA, Randwest SPCA, Isindile Big Cat and Predator…

Thursday, 30 March 2023
Ndeyanale E 2023. I can't guarantee you will leave Etosha alive.

Oshana police commissioner Naftal Sakaria says armed poachers found in the Etosha National Park should surrender to the police or they will be shot. Police inspector general Joseph Shikongo last week appointed Sakaria as the commander of the anti-poaching unit in Etosha National Park for a period of six months. While in this position, he will also remain the Oshana regional commander. Sakaria is tasked with commanding the police and military forces deployed in the flagship park to protect animals, especially iconic animals such elephants and rhinos, from being poached.

Thursday, 30 March 2023
David M 2023. No more poaching in Etosha, says Sakaria.

Commissioner Naftal Lungameni Sakaria, the Oshana Regional Police Commander, was recently named the Gold Commander for the Etosha National Park Anti-poaching Safety and Security squad. Sakaria was named on March 23 and will, for the next six months, be in charge of directing the joint Nampol/NDF operational work in the Etosha National Park. He said that he will concurrently be in charge of the Oshana Region and also the anti-poaching operations in Etosha. "I have already been to Etosha, rotated the personnel and properly briefed them," he said.

Wednesday, 29 March 2023
Moyo-Ndlovu T 2023. Two arrested for possessing ivory.

Two Bulawayo men have been arrested for allegedly possessing ivory with a market value of over US$2 000.

Wednesday, 29 March 2023
Oguntona K 2023. Seven suspected poachers arrested in Oyo.

Protection of the rich, floral, fauna and archaeological resources of the Old Oyo National Park would be continually pursued in order to make it a masterpiece among other national parks in the country. It is against this backdrop that illegal activities of hunting, fishing, mining and cattle grazing identified as a menace, are currently being tackled headlong by the park authorities. The Conservator of Park, CP, Old Oyo National Park, Mr. Teslim Adeniyi - Kareem made this known while parading seven suspects recently arrested for various poaching activities in the park.

Tuesday, 28 March 2023
Manyinyire T 2023. Private rangers recover 24 pangolins, 118 elephant tusks from poachers.

Akashinga rangers, domiciled in Zimbabwe's Zambezi Valley have recovered 24 pangolins and 118 elephant tusks from raids on poachers since last year in Mashonaland West.

Monday, 27 March 2023
Jindanji G 2023. Angolan authorities arrest two suspected suspected elephant poachers.

Angola's Criminal Investigation Service (SIC) in Bengo Province bordering the capital city Luanda, detained two poachers for killing an elephant in the municipality of Pango Aluquém. The detention took place this Monday due to complaints from people who saw the accused consuming and selling meat from the great mammal. The two, José Sebastião and Malambo Castro, aged 28 and 30, respectively, countered the accusations by saying that they found the animal already dead and that they only enjoyed the meat and ivory in the company of other people from their community.

Monday, 27 March 2023
Melapi S 2023. Abalone poachers plead guilty in Cape Town Magistrate's Court.

Cape Town - Four men from Milnerton pleaded guilty and were sentenced following their arrest for the possession of abalone valued at more than R4.8 million.

Friday, 24 March 2023
Terblanché N 2023. Pangolin skin lands two in jail.

An intelligence-driven operation earlier this week led to the arrest in the Oshikoto Region of two residents of Windhoek who stand accused of trading in controlled wildlife products. According to a report about the arrest, provided by the commander of the Namibian Police in Oshikoto Region, Commissioner Teopoline Kalompo-Nashikaku, information received by investigators suggested that the two suspects were on their way to the south after completing a transaction where they were seen selling a pangolin skin.

Friday, 24 March 2023
Keppler-Young V 2023. Police confiscate bags full of abalone worth over R1 million.

Police arrested 26-year-old man on the N6 Road with 16 refuse bags filled with abalone.

Thursday, 23 March 2023
David M 2023. Two arrested for alleged possession of a pangolin skin.

Two people were detained Wednesday after they were found in possession of a skin of a pangolin which is a protected species. The two were apprehended at a temporary roadblock on the Omuthiya-Ondangwa main road. They are both from Windhoek. According to the regional commander of the police in Oshikoto, Commissioner Teopolina Kalompo-Nashikaku, the skin is valued N$50 000.

Tuesday, 21 March 2023
2023. Luanda: SIC detém caçador furtivo que se instalou no Parque Nacional da Quissama e vivia da venda dos animais que abatia.

O Serviço de Investigação Criminal deteve um caçador furtivo que se tinha instalado no Parque Nacional da Quissama e abatia animais como elefantes e gazelas, que depois comercializava no mercado informal da Mutamba, em Luanda.

Luanda: SIC detains poachers who settled in the Quissama National Park and lived off the sale of the animals they slaughtered The Criminal Investigation Service detained a poacher who had settled in the Quissama National Park and killed animals such as elephants and gazelles, which he then sold at the informal market of Mutamba, in Luanda.

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